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Answers to Questions and Exercises: Control Flow Statements

### Answers to Questions

> 1. The most basic control flow statement supported by the Java programming language is the if-then statement.

> 2. The switch statement allows for any number of possible execution paths.

> 3. The do-while statement is similar to the `while` statement, but evaluates its expression at the bottom of the loop.

> 4. Question: How do you write an infinite loop using the `for` statement?

>    Answer:

>        for ( ; ; ) {

>        }

> 5. Question: How do you write an infinite loop using the `while` statement?

>    Answer:

>        while (true) {

>        }

### Exercises

> 1. Consider the following code snippet.

>    >     if (aNumber >= 0)
>    >         if (aNumber == 0) System.out.println("first string");
>    >     else System.out.println("second string");
>    >     System.out.println("third string");

>    1. Exercise: What output do you think the code will produce if `aNumber` is 3?

>       Solution:

>       >     second string
>       >     third string

>    2. Exercise: Write a test program containing the previous code snippet; make `aNumber` 3. What is the output of the program? Is it what you predicted? Explain why the output is what it is. In other words, what is the control flow for the code snippet?

>       Solution: `NestedIf`

>       >     second string
>       >     third string

>       3 is greater than or equal to 0, so execution progresses to the second `if` statement. The second `if` statement's test fails because 3 is not equal to 0. Thus, the `else` clause executes (since it's attached to the second `if` statement). Thus, `second string` is displayed. The final `println` is completely outside of any `if` statement, so it always gets executed, and thus `third string` is always displayed.

>    3. Exercise: Using only spaces and line breaks, reformat the code snippet to make the control flow easier to understand.

>       Solution:

>       >     if (aNumber >= 0)
>       >         if (aNumber == 0)
>       >             System.out.println("first string");
>       >         else
>       >             System.out.println("second string");

>       >     System.out.println("third string");

>    4. Exercise: Use braces `{` and `}` to further clarify the code and reduce the possibility of errors by future maintainers of the code.

>       Solution:

>       >     if (aNumber >= 0) {
>       >         if (aNumber == 0) {
>       >             System.out.println("first string");
>       >         } else {
>       >             System.out.println("second string");
>       >         }
>       >     }

>       >     System.out.println("third string");

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