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Trail: Learning the Java Language
Lesson: Generics
Generics
Introduction
Generic Types
Generic Methods and Constructors
Bounded Type Parameters
Subtyping
Wildcards
Type Erasure
Summary of Generics
Questions and Exercises
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Generic Methods and Constructors

> Type parameters can also be declared within method and constructor signatures to create generic methods and generic constructors. This is similar to declaring a generic type, but the type parameter's scope is limited to the method or constructor in which it's declared.

> >     /**
> >      * This version introduces a generic method.
> >      */
> >     public class Box<T> {

> >         private T t;

> >         public void add(T t) {
> >             this.t = t;
> >         }

> >         public T get() {
> >             return t;
> >         }

> >         public <U> void inspect(U u){
> >             System.out.println("T: " + t.getClass().getName());
> >             System.out.println("U: " + u.getClass().getName());
> >         }

> >         public static void main(String[] args) {
> >             Box<Integer> integerBox = new Box<Integer>();
> >             integerBox.add(new Integer(10));
> >             integerBox.inspect("some text");
> >         }
> >     }

> Here we've added one generic method, named `inspect`, that defines one type parameter, named `U`. This method accepts an object and prints its type to standard output. For comparison, it also prints out the type of `T`. For convenience, this class now also has a `main` method so that it can be run as an application.

> The output from this program is:

> >     T: java.lang.Integer
> >     U: java.lang.String

> By passing in different types, the output will change accordingly.

> A more realistic use of generic methods might be something like the following, which defines a static method that stuffs references to a single item into multiple boxes:

>         public static <U> void fillBoxes(U u, List<Box<U>> boxes) {
>             for (Box<U> box : boxes) {
>                 box.add(u);
>             }
>         }

> To use this method, your code would look something like the following:

>         Crayon red = ...;
>         List<Box<Crayon>> crayonBoxes = ...;

> The complete syntax for invoking this method is:

> >     Box.<Crayon>fillBoxes(red, crayonBoxes);

> Here we've explicitly provided the type to be used as `U`, but more often than not, this can be left out and the compiler will infer the type that's needed:

> >     Box.fillBoxes(red, crayonBoxes); // compiler infers that U is Crayon

> This feature, known as type inference, allows you to invoke a generic method as you would an ordinary method, without specifying a type between angle brackets.

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