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Trail: Java Naming and Directory Interface(TM).
Lesson: Overview of JNDI
Overview of JNDI
Naming Package
Directory and LDAP Packages
Event and Service Provider Packages
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Directory and LDAP Packages

> ### Directory Package

> The `javax.naming` package to provide functionality for accessing directory services in addition to naming services. This package allows applications to retrieve associated with objects stored in the directory and to search for objects using specified attributes.

> #### The Directory Context

> The `DirContext`interface represents a directory context. `DirContext` also behaves as a naming context by extending the `getAttributes()`to retrieve the attributes associated with a directory entry (for which you supply the name). Attributes are modified using `modifyAttributes()`method. Other overloaded forms of `search()`support more sophisticated search filters.

> ### LDAP Package

> The `javax.naming.ldap` package contains classes and interfaces for using features that are specific to the LDAP v3 that are not already covered by the more generic `javax.naming.directory` package. In fact, most JNDI applications that use the LDAP will find the `javax.naming.directory` package sufficient and will not need to use the `javax.naming.ldap` package at all. This package is primarily for those applications that need to use "extended" operations, controls, or unsolicited notifications.

> "Extended" Operation
>   In addition to specifying well defined operations such as search and modify, the LDAP v3 (RFC 2251) specifies a way to transmit yet-to-be defined operations between the LDAP client and the server. These operations are called "extended" operations. An "extended" operation may be defined by a standards organization such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) or by a vendor.
> Controls
>   The LDAP v3 allows any request or response to be augmented by yet-to-be defined modifiers, called controls . A control sent with a request is a request control and a control sent with a response is a response control . A control may be defined by a standards organization such as the IETF or by a vendor. Request controls and response controls are not necessarily paired, that is, there need not be a response control for each request control sent, and vice versa.

> Unsolicited Notifications
>   In addition to the normal request/response style of interaction between the client and server, the LDAP v3 also specifies unsolicited notifications--messages that are sent from the server to the client asynchronously and not in response to any client request.

> #### The LDAP Context

> The `LdapContext`interface represents a context for performing "extended" operations, sending request controls, and receiving response controls. Examples of how to use these features are described in the JNDI Tutorial's Controls and Extensions lesson.

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