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Trail: Internationalization
Lesson: Working with Text
Working with Text
Checking Character Properties
Comparing Strings
Performing Locale-Independent Comparisons
Customizing Collation Rules
Improving Collation Performance
Detecting Text Boundaries
About the BreakIterator Class
Character Boundaries
Word Boundaries
Sentence Boundaries
Line Boundaries
Converting Non-Unicode Text
Byte Encodings and Strings
Character and Byte Streams
Normalizer's API
Home Page > Internationalization > Working with Text
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Checking Character Properties

> You can categorize characters according to their properties. For instance, X is an uppercase letter and 4 is a decimal digit. Checking character properties is a common way to verify the data entered by end users. If you are selling books online, for example, your order entry screen should verify that the characters in the quantity field are all digits.

> Developers who aren't used to writing global software might determine a character's properties by comparing it with character constants. For instance, they might write code like this:

> >     char ch;
> >     ...

> >     // This code is WRONG!

> >     if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'))
> >       // ch is a letter
> >     ...
> >     if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
> >       // ch is a digit
> >     ...
> >     if ((ch == ' ') || (ch =='\n') || (ch == '\t'))
> >       // ch is a whitespace

> The preceding code is wrong because it works only with English and a few other languages. To internationalize the previous example, replace it with the following statements:

> >     char ch;
> >     ...

> >     // This code is OK!

> >     if (Character.isLetter(ch))
> >     ...
> >     if (Character.isDigit(ch))
> >     ...
> >     if (Character.isSpaceChar(ch))

> The `Character` methods rely on the Unicode Standard for determining the properties of a character. Unicode is a 16-bit character encoding that supports the world's major languages. In the Java programming language `char` values represent Unicode characters. If you check the properties of a `char` with the appropriate `Character` method, your code will work with all major languages. For example, the `Character.isLetter` method returns `true` if the character is a letter in Chinese, German, Arabic, or another language.

> The following list gives some of the most useful `Character` comparison methods. The `Character` API documentation fully specifies the methods.

> - `isDigit`
> - `isLetter`
> - `isLetterOrDigit`
> - `isLowerCase`
> - `isUpperCase`
> - `isSpaceChar`
> - `isDefined`

> The `Character.getType` method returns the Unicode category of a character. Each category corresponds to a constant defined in the `Character` class. For instance, `getType` returns the `Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER` constant for the character A. For a complete list of the category constants returned by `getType`, see the `Character` API documentation. The following example shows how to use `getType` and the `Character` category constants. All of the expressions in these `if` statements are `true`:

> >     if (Character.getType('a') == Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER)
> >     ...
> >     if (Character.getType('R') == Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER)
> >     ...
> >     if (Character.getType('>') == Character.MATH_SYMBOL)
> >     ...
> >     if (Character.getType('_') == Character.CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION)

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