# Nautilus File Manager

This chapter describes how to use the Nautilus file manager.

## Introduction to Nautilus File Manager

The Nautilus file manager provides an integrated access point to your files and applications. Nautilus enables you to do the following:

- Display your files and folders.

- Manage your files and folders.

- Run scripts.

- Customize your files and folders.

Nautilus also manages the desktop background. The desktop background lies behind all of the other components on your visible desktop. The desktop background is an active component of the user interface.

Nautilus windows enable you to display and manage your files and folders. You can open a Nautilus window in any of the following ways:

- Double-click on the Home object on the desktop background.

- Choose Applications Home Folder.

- Right-click on the desktop background to open the Desktop Background menu. Choose New Window.

The Nautilus window displays the contents of your home location in the view pane.

## Nautilus Windows

Nautilus windows enable you to display and manage your files and folders. gosnautilus-FIG-1 shows a Nautilus window that displays the contents of a folder.

### Contents of a Folder in a Nautilus Window

A folder in a Nautilus window. Callouts: Menubar, toolbar, location bar, zoom buttons, side pane, view pane, tabs.

gosnautilus-TBL-83 describes the components of Nautilus windows.

## Nautilus Window Components

Component | Description
Menubar | Contains menus that you use to perform tasks in Nautilus.
Toolbar | Contains buttons that you use to perform tasks in Nautilus.
Location bar | Contains the following elements: Location field or Go To field: Enables you to specify a file, folder, or URL that you want to display. Zoom buttons: Enable you to change the size of items in the view pane. View as drop-down list box: Enables you to choose how to display items in your view pane.
Side pane | Performs the following functions: Enables you to navigate through your files. Displays information about the current file or folder. The side pane contains a drop-down list box that enables you to choose what to display in the side pane. You can choose from the following options: Information Emblems History Notes Tree
View pane | Displays the contents of the following: Particular types of files Folders FTP sites
Resize handle | Grab this handle, then drag to resize the side pane and the view pane.
Statusbar | Displays status information.

You can also open a popup menu from Nautilus windows. To open this popup menu right-click in a Nautilus window. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click. For example, when you right-click on a file or folder, you can choose items related to the file or folder. When you right-click on the background of a view pane, you can choose items related to the display of items in the view pane.

### View Pane

The view pane can display the contents of the following:

- Particular types of files

- Folders

- FTP sites

Nautilus contains viewer components that enable you to display particular types of file in the view pane. For example, you can use an image viewer to display Portable Network Graphics (PNG) files in the view pane. The following figure shows a PNG file displayed in the view pane.

Nautilus window with PNG file displayed in the view pane.

Displaying a file in the view pane provides the following benefits:

- Uses less system resources than when you launch an application.

- Takes less time than when you launch an application.

However, you cannot edit a file in the view pane.

Nautilus also includes views that enable you to display the contents of your folders in different ways. For example, you can display the contents of a folder in the following types of view:

- Icon view: Displays the items in the folder as icons.

- List view: Displays the items in the folder as a list.

Use the View menu to choose how to display a folder. For more information on views, see gosnautilus-7.

### Side Pane

You can choose what information you want to view in the side pane. You can choose to display one of the following:

- Information

  Displays an icon that represents the current file or current folder. Also displays information about the current file or current folder. If a file is displayed in the view pane, buttons appear in the side pane. The buttons enable you to perform actions on a file, other than the default action.

- Emblems

  Contains emblems that you can add to a file or folder. For more information on emblems, see the next section.

- History

  Contains a history list of files, folders, and FTP sites that you have recently visited.

- Notes

  Enables you to add notes to your folders.

- Tree

  Displays a hierarchical representation of your file system. You can use the Tree to navigate through your files.

To close the side pane, click on the X button at the top right of the side pane.

### Icons and Emblems

In icon view, Nautilus displays your files and folders as icons. You can add emblems to your file icons and folder icons. An emblem is a small icon that you can add to an item to visually mark the item. For example, to mark a file as important, you can add an Important emblem to the file icon to create the following visual effect:

File icon with Important emblem.

For more information on how to add an emblem to an icon, see gosnautilus-112.

The following table describes the structure of the file icon:

Component | Description
Important emblem. | Emblem. This emblem is the Important emblem.
File icon. | Icon that represents the file. This icon contains a preview of the contents of the file.
Icon caption. | Icon caption. You can modify what items of information are displayed in the icon caption.

Nautilus includes default emblems for the following types of item:

- Symbolic links

- Items for which you have the following permissions:

  - Read permission only

  - No read permission and no write permission

The default emblems change depending on your theme. The following table shows the default emblems for the Default theme.

Default Emblem | Description
Symbolic link emblem. | Symbolic link
Read permission only emblem. | Read permission only
No read permission and no write permission emblem. | No read permission and no write permission

## Navigating Your Computer

Each Nautilus window displays the contents of a single file, folder, or FTP site. This section describes the following:

- How to display items in Nautilus windows.

- How to open files from Nautilus windows.

- How to navigate the files and folders in your file system.

- How to navigate to FTP sites.

### To Display Your Home Location

Nautilus home location icon.

To display your home location, perform one of the following actions:

- Double-click on the Home object on the desktop background.

- On a Nautilus window, choose Go Home.

- On a Nautilus window, click on the Home toolbar button.

The Nautilus window displays the contents of your home location. To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

### To Display a Folder

You can display the contents of a folder in any of the following ways:

- Double-click on the folder in the view pane.

- In the Location field, type the path of the folder that you want to display, then press Return. The Location field includes an autocomplete feature. As you type a path, Nautilus reads your file system. When you type enough characters to uniquely identify a directory, Nautilus completes the name of the directory in the Location field.

- Use the Tree in the side pane. For more information, see gosnautilus-27.

- Use the Back toolbar button and the Forward toolbar button to browse through your navigation history.

To change to the folder that is one level above the current folder, choose Go Up. Alternatively, click on the Up toolbar button.

To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

If you cannot find the folder that you want to display, you can use Search Tool. To start Search Tool, choose Actions Search for Files.

### Using the Tree From the Side Pane

The Tree displays a hierarchical representation of your file system. The Tree provides a convenient way to navigate your file system. To display the Tree in the side pane, choose Tree from the drop-down list box at the top of the side pane.

In the Tree, folders are represented as follows:

Folder State | Graphic Representation
Closed folder | Right arrow
Open folder | Down arrow

gosnautilus-TBL-34 describes the tasks that you can perform with the Tree, and how to perform the tasks.

### Tree Tasks

Task | Action
Open the Tree. | Choose Tree from the drop-down list box at the top of the side pane.
Close the Tree. | Choose another item from the drop-down list box at the top of the side pane.
Open a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Close a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Display the contents of a folder in the view pane. | Select the folder in the Tree.
Display the contents of a file in the view pane. | Select the file in the Tree.

You can set your preferences so that the Tree does not display files. For more information, see gosnautilus-438.

### Opening Files

When you open a file, Nautilus performs the default action for that file type. The default action can be one of the following:

- Use a viewer component to display the file in the view pane.

- Launch an application that opens the file.

Nautilus checks the contents of a file to determine the type of a file. If the first lines do not determine the type of the file, then Nautilus checks the file extension.

If you cannot find the file that you want to open, you can use Search Tool. To start Search Tool, choose Actions Search for Files.

#### Viewing Files in the View Pane

Nautilus contains viewer components that enable you to display particular types of file in the view pane. For example, you can display the following types of files in the view pane:

- Plain text files

- Portable Network Graphics (PNG) files

- Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) files

To reload the contents of the view pane, choose View Reload. To stop loading an item in the view pane, choose View Stop.

When you display a file in the view pane, the viewer component might add menu items to the Nautilus menus. The menu items relate to the file type that is displayed. For example, when you display a PNG file, the Edit menu contains flip and rotate menu items.

Also, when you display some types of file in the view pane, you can use the Nautilus zoom buttons to change the size of the item.

#### To Execute the Default Action

To execute the default action for a file, double-click on the file. For example, if the default action for plain text documents is to display the file in a text viewer. In this case, you can double-click on the file to display the file in a text viewer.

You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see gosnautilus-56.

#### To Execute Non-Default Actions Using the Open With Submenu

To execute actions other than the default action for a file, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select the file that you want to perform an action on. Choose File Open With. The Open With submenu opens. The items in this submenu correspond to the contents of the following parts of the File Types and Programs preference tool:

   - Default action drop-down list box in the Edit file type dialog

   - Viewer component drop-down list box in the Edit file type dialog

2. Choose an action from the Open With submenu.

#### To Execute Other Actions When Displaying a File

When you display a file in the view pane, the side pane might contain buttons. gosnautilus-FIG-4 shows the side pane when a text file is displayed in the view pane.

##### Side Pane When a File is Displayed in the View Pane

Side pane. Contains: file icon, file information, file emblem, Open with gedit, Open with buttons, tabs.

The buttons represent any actions that are defined in the File Types and Programs preference tool. The actions are defined in the Default action drop-down list box in the Edit file type dialog in the File Types and Programs preference tool. Click on a button to execute an action. For example, if an action defined for plain text documents is to open the file in gedit. If this action is defined, an Open with gedit button is displayed in the side pane. To open the file in the gedit application, click on the Open with gedit button.

A button that represents the action does not appear in the side pane if the actions are excluded in either of the following dialogs:

- Open with Other Application

- Open with Other Viewer

### Using the Start Here Location

Nautilus Start Here icon.

The Start Here location enables you to access the following functions:

- Applications

  Double-click on Applications to access your key GNOME applications. You can also access the Applications menu through the GNOME Menu and the Menu Panel.

- Desktop Preferences

  Double-click on Desktop Preferences to customize your desktop. You can also access the desktop preferences through the Applications menu.

- Programs that enable you to configure your system as a server, and to choose other system settings.

You can access the Start Here location in the following ways:

- From a Nautilus window

  Choose Go Start Here. The contents of the Start Here location are displayed in the window.

- From the desktop background

  Double-click on the Start Here object on the desktop background. The contents of the Start Here location are displayed in a Nautilus window.

### To Access FTP Sites

You can use Nautilus to access FTP sites. To access an FTP site, enter the URL for the site in the field on the location bar, then press Return. The contents of the site are displayed in the view pane. To copy a file from the FTP site, drag the file to the new location.

To access an FTP site that requires a username and password, you can enter the URL in the following form:

`ftp://`username`:`password`@`hostname`.`domain``

To reload the FTP site in the view pane, choose View Reload. To stop loading the FTP site, choose View Stop.

### Using Your Navigation History

The file manager maintains a history list of files, folders, and FTP sites. You can use the history list to navigate to files, folders, and FTP sites that you have recently visited. The following sections describe how to navigate your history list.

To clear your history list choose Go Clear History.

#### To Navigate Your History List Using the Go Menu

To display a list of previously-viewed items, choose the Go menu. Your history list is displayed in the lower part of the Go menu. To open an item in your history list, choose the item from the Go menu.

#### To Navigate Your History List Using the Toolbar

To use the toolbar to navigate your history list, perform one of the following actions:

- To open the previous file, folder, or URL in your history list, click on the Back toolbar button.

- To open the next file, folder, or URL in your history list, click on the Forward toolbar button.

- To display a list of previously-viewed items, click on the down arrow to the right of the Back toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

- To display a list of items that you viewed after you viewed the current item, click on the down arrow to the right of the Forward toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

#### To Navigate Your History List Using History in the Side Pane

To display the History list in the side pane, choose History from the drop-down list box at the top of the side pane. The History list in the side pane displays a list of your previously-viewed items.

To display an item from your history list in the view pane, click on the item in the History list.

### To Bookmark Your Favorite Locations

To access an item in your bookmarks, choose the item from the Bookmarks menu. You can add your favorite locations to your Bookmarks menu. You can add bookmarks to files and folders in your file system, or to FTP sites.

#### To Add a Bookmark

To add a bookmark, display the item that you want to bookmark in the view pane. Choose Bookmarks Add Bookmark.

#### To Edit a Bookmark

To edit your bookmarks perform the following steps:

1. Choose Bookmarks Edit Bookmarks. An Edit Bookmarks dialog is displayed.

2. To edit a bookmark, select the bookmark on the left side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog. Edit the details for the bookmark on the right side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog, as follows:

   Dialog Element | Description
   Name | Use this text box to specify the name that identifies the bookmark in the Bookmarks menu.
   Location | Use this field to specify the location of the bookmark.

3. To delete a bookmark, select the bookmark on the left side of the dialog. Click Delete.

## Managing Your Files and Folders

This section describes how to work with your files and folders.

### Drag-and-Drop in Nautilus

You can use drag-and-drop to perform several tasks in Nautilus. When you drag-and-drop, the mouse pointer provides feedback about the task that you perform. gosnautilus-TBL-11 describes the tasks that you can perform with drag-and-drop. The table also shows the mouse pointers that appear when you drag-and-drop.

### Drag-and-Drop in Nautilus

Task | Action | Mouse Pointer
Move an item | Drag the item to the new location. | Move pointer.
Copy an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the item to the new location. | Copy pointer.
Link to an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Ctrl Shift. Drag the item to the location where you want the link to reside. | Link pointer.
Ask what to do with the item you drag | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Alt. Drag the item to the location where you want the item to reside. Release the mouse button. A popup menu appears. Choose one of the following items from the popup menu: Move here Moves the item to the location. Copy here Copies the item to the location. Link here Creates a symbolic link to the item at the location. Set as Background If the item is an image, sets the image to be the background wallpaper. You can use this command to set the desktop background and the view pane background. Cancel Cancels the drag-and-drop operation. | Ask pointer.

### To Select Files and Folders

You can select files and folders in several ways in Nautilus. gosnautilus-TBL-10 describes how to select items in Nautilus windows and on the Nautilus desktop background.

### Selecting Items in Nautilus

Task | Action
Select an item | Click on the item.
Select a group of contiguous items | In icon view, drag around the files that you want to select. In list view, press-and-hold Shift. Click on the first item in the group, then click on the last item in the group.
Select multiple items | Press-and-hold Ctrl. Click on the items that you want to select. Alternatively, press-and-hold Ctrl, then drag around the files that you want to select.
Select all items in a folder | Choose Edit Select All Files.

To perform the default action on an item, double-click on the item. You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see gosnautilus-56.

### To Move a File or Folder

The following sections describe the ways that you can move a file or folder.

#### Drag to the New Location in a View Pane

To drag a file or folder to a new location in a view pane, perform the following steps:

1. Open a Nautilus window. Choose File New Window to open a second Nautilus window.

2. In one window, select the folder from which you want to move the file or folder. In the other window, select the folder to which you want to move the file or folder.

3. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location in the other window.

To move the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

#### Cut and Paste to the New Location

You can cut a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move, then choose Edit Cut File.

2. Open the folder to which you want to move the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste Files.

#### Drag to the New Location in the Tree

You can drag a file or folder from the view pane to a location on the Tree in the side pane. Alternatively, you can drag a file or folder within the Tree in the side pane to another location in the Tree.

### To Copy a File or Folder

The following sections describe the ways you can copy a file or folder.

#### Drag to the New Location in a View Pane

To copy a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Open a Nautilus window. Choose File New Window to open a second Nautilus window.

2. In one window, select the folder from which you want to copy the file or folder. In the other window, select the folder to which you want to copy the file or folder.

3. Grab the file or folder, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the file or folder to the new location in the other window.

To copy the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, grab the file or folder, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

#### Copy and Paste to the New Location

You can copy a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to copy, then choose Edit Copy File.

2. Open the folder to which you want to copy the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste Files.

### To Duplicate a File or Folder

To create a copy of a file or folder in the current folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to duplicate in the view pane.

2. Choose Edit Duplicate. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder in the view pane, then choose Duplicate.

   A copy of the file or folder appears in the current folder.

### To Create a Folder

To create a folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder where you want to create the new folder.

2. Choose File New Folder. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the view pane, then choose New Folder.

   An untitled folder is added to the view pane. The name of the folder is selected.

3. Type a name for the folder, then press Return.

### To Rename a File or Folder

To rename a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to rename in the view pane.

2. Choose Edit Rename. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder in the view pane, then choose Rename.

   The name of the file or folder is selected.

3. Type a new name for the file or folder, then press Return.

### To Move a File or Folder to Trash

To move a file or folder to Trash perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move to Trash in the view pane.

2. Choose Edit Move to Trash. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder in the view pane, then choose Move to Trash.

Alternatively, you can drag the file or folder from the view pane to the Trash object on the desktop background.

### To Delete a File or Folder

When you delete a file or folder, the file or folder is not moved to Trash, but is deleted from your file system immediately. The Delete menu item is only available if you select the Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash option in the File Management Preferences dialog.

To delete a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to delete in the view pane.

2. Choose Edit Delete. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder in the view pane, then choose Delete.

### To Create a Symbolic Link to a File or Folder

A symbolic link is a special type of file that points to another file or folder. When you perform an action on a symbolic link, the action is performed on the file or folder to which the symbolic link points. However, when you delete a symbolic link, you delete the link file, not the file to which the symbolic link points.

To create a symbolic link to a file or folder, select the file or folder to which you want to create a link. Choose Edit Make Link. A link to the file or folder is added to the current folder.

Alternatively, grab the item to which you want to create a link, then press-and-hold Ctrl Shift. Drag the item to the location where you want to place the link.

By default, Nautilus adds an emblem to symbolic links.

### To Change Permissions

To change the permissions on a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. A properties dialog is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab. In the Permissions tabbed section, use the drop-down list boxes and check boxes to change the permissions for the file or folder.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

### Using Trash

Nautilus Trash icon.

You can move the following items to Trash:

- Files

- Folders

- Desktop background objects

When you move an item to Trash, the item is stored in your `/.Trash` directory. If you need to retrieve a file from Trash, you can display Trash and move the file out of Trash.

When you empty Trash, you delete the contents of Trash permanently.

#### To Display Trash

You can display the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a Nautilus window

  Choose Go Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From the desktop background

  Double-click on the Trash object on the desktop background.

#### To Empty Trash

You can empty the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a Nautilus window

  Choose File Empty Trash.

- From the desktop background

  Right-click on the Trash object, then choose Empty Trash.

### Adding Notes to Folders

You can use Notes in the side pane to add a note to a folder. To add a note to a folder perform the following steps:

1. Display the folder in the view pane.

2. Choose Notes from the drop-down list box at the top of the side pane.

3. Type the note in the side pane.

## Running Scripts From Nautilus

Nautilus includes a special folder where you can store your scripts. When you add an executable file to this folder, the file is added to the Scripts submenu. To run a script choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run from the submenu.

To run a script on a particular file, select the file in the view pane. Choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run on the file from the submenu. You can also select multiple files to run your scripts on.

To view the contents of your scripts folder, choose File Scripts Open Scripts Folder.

## Modifying the Appearance of Files and Folders

Nautilus enables you to modify the appearance of your files and folders in several ways, as described in the following sections.

### To Add an Emblem to a File or Folder

To add an emblem to an item perform the following steps:

1. Select the item to which you want to add an emblem.

2. Right-click on the item, then choose Properties. A properties dialog is displayed.

3. Click on the Emblems tab to display the Emblems tabbed section.

4. Select the emblem to add to the item.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

### To Modify the Icon for a File or Folder

To change the icon that represents an individual file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. A properties dialog is displayed.

3. On the Basic tabbed section, click on the Select Custom Icon button. A Select an icon dialog is displayed.

4. Use the Select an icon dialog to choose the icon to represent the file or folder.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

To change the icon that represents a file type, use the File Types and Programs preference tool. To open the File Types and Programs preference tool, choose Applications Desktop Preferences Advanced File Types and Programs.

To restore an icon from a custom icon to the default icon specified in the File Types and Programs preference tool, right-click on the icon then choose Remove Custom Icon. Alternatively, click on the Remove Custom Icon button on the Properties dialog.

### To Change the Size of Items in a View

You can change the size of items in a view. You can change the size if the view displays a file or a folder. You can change the size of items in a view in the following ways:

- To enlarge the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom In.

- To reduce the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom Out.

- To return items in a view to the normal size, choose View Normal Size.

You can also use the zoom buttons on the location bar to change the size of items in a view. gosnautilus-TBL-42 describes how to use the zoom buttons.

### Zoom Buttons

Button | Button Name | Description
Zoom Out button. | Zoom Out button | Click on this button to reduce the size of items in a view.
Normal Size button. | Normal Size button | Click on this button to return items in a view to normal size.
Zoom In button. | Zoom In button | Click on this button to enlarge the size of items in a view.

Nautilus remembers the size of items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are displayed in the size that you selected. In other words, when you change the size of items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items at that size. To return the size of the items to the default size specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

### Using Views to Display Your Files and Folders

Nautilus provides several ways to display the contents of your files. Nautilus includes viewer components that enable you to display particular types of file in the view pane. For example, you can use a web page viewer to display HTML files in the view pane. You can use a text viewer to view plain text files in the view pane.

You can also use Nautilus to open a file in an appropriate application. For more information, see gosnautilus-28.

Nautilus includes views that enable you to display the contents of your folders in different ways. For example, you can display the contents of a folder in the following types of view:

- Icon view

  Displays the items in the folder as icons. gosnautilus-FIG-1 shows a folder displayed in icon view.

- List view

  Displays the items in the folder as a list. gosnautilus-FIG-3 shows a folder displayed in list view.

  #### Nautilus Window in List View

  Folder in Nautilus window, contents displayed in list view.

Use the View menu to choose how to display a file or folder. You can also use the View as drop-down list box to choose how to display a file or folder. When you display a folder, you can specify how you want to arrange or sort items in the folder. You can modify the size of the items in the view pane. The following sections describe how to work with icon view, list view, and views of files.

#### To Choose a View in Which to Display a File or Folder

Choose the type of view in which to display the contents of a file or folder from the View menu.

Alternatively, to choose a view, choose View View as. Select the view that you want to use from the Open with Other Viewer dialog, then click on the Choose button.

You can also choose the type of view from the View as drop-down list box. The View as drop-down list box is located at the right side of the location bar.

You can display different folders in different views. Nautilus remembers the view that you choose for a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, Nautilus displays the folder in that view. To return the view for the folder to the default view specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

#### To Arrange Your Files in Icon View

When you display the contents of a folder in icon view, you can specify how to arrange the items in the folder. To specify how to arrange items in icon view, choose View Arrange Items. The Arrange Items submenu contains the following sections:

- The top section contains an option that enables you to arrange your files manually.

- The middle section contains options that enable you to sort your files automatically.

- The bottom section contains options that enable you to modify how your files are arranged.

Choose the appropriate options from the submenu, as described in the following table:

Option | Description
Manually | Select this option to arrange the items manually. To arrange the items manually, drag the items to the location you require within the view pane.
By Name | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by name. The order of the items is not case sensitive. If Nautilus is set to display hidden files, the hidden files are shown last.
By Size | Select this option to sort the items by size, with the largest item first. When you sort items by size, the folders are sorted by the number of items in the folder. The folders are not sorted by the total size of the items in the folder.
By Type | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by object type. The items are sorted alphabetically by the description of their Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) type in the File Types and Programs preference tool.
By Modification Date | Select this option to sort the items by the date the items were last modified. The most recently modified item is first.
By Emblems | Select this option to sort the items by any emblems that are added to the items. The items are sorted alphabetically by emblem name. Items that do not have emblems are last.
Compact Layout | Select this option to arrange the items so that the items are closer to each other.
Reversed Order | Select this option to reverse the order of the option by which you sort the items. For example, if you sort the items by name, select the Reversed Order option to sort the items in reverse alphabetical order.

Nautilus remembers how you arrange the items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are arranged in the way that you selected. In other words, when you specify how to arrange the items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items in that way. To return the arrangement settings of the folder to the default arrangement settings specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

#### To Stretch an Icon in Icon View

In icon view, you can change the size of the icon that represents an item that is displayed. To change the size of an item in icon view, perform the following steps:

1. Right-click on the item that you want to resize, then choose Stretch Icon. A rectangle appears around the item, with a handle at each corner.

2. Grab one of the handles, then drag the icon to the size that you want.

   To return the icon to the original size, right-click on the icon, then choose Restore Icon's Original Size.

You can also stretch icons on the desktop background.

#### To Modify the Behavior of a View

You can modify the behavior of a view in the following ways:

- Specify that the view is the default view for a particular file or folder.

- Specify that the view is the default view for a file type or all folders.

- Specify that the view is an item in the View as submenu for a particular file or folder.

- Specify that the view is an item in the View as submenu for all of a particular file type or for all folders.

- Specify that the view is not an item in the View as submenu for a particular file or folder.

To modify the behavior of a view perform the following steps:

1. Choose View View as. An Open with Other Viewer dialog is displayed.

2. Select the view that you want to modify from the table in the dialog.

3. Click on the Modify button. A Modify dialog is displayed. The following table describes the options on the Modify dialog:

   Option | Description
   Include in the menu for `item_name` items | Select this option to include the view in the View as submenu for this type of item.
   Use as default for `item_name` items | Select this option to use the view as the default for this type of item.
   Include in the menu for `item_name` only | Select this option to include the view in the View as submenu for this item only.
   Use as default for `item_name` only | Select this option to use the view as the default for this item only.
   Don't include in the menu for `item_name` items | Select this option to exclude the view from the View as submenu for this type of item.

4. Click OK, then click Cancel to close the Open with Other Viewer dialog.

You can also modify the actions that are associated with a file type in the File Types and Programs preference tool. To open the File Types and Programs preference tool, click on the Go There button.

## Assigning Actions to Files

When you open a file, Nautilus performs the default action for that file type. The File Types and Programs preference tool contains a table of file types, their associated file extensions, and their default actions. This table specifies what happens when you double-click on a file in Nautilus.

You can also use Nautilus to modify the actions that are associated with a particular file or file type.

You can use the File Types and Programs preference tool to perform the following tasks:

- Specify the default action for a file type. You can also change the default action for a file type in Nautilus.

- Associate a file type with one or more applications. The default action might specify to open the file in an application that is associated with the file type.

- Associate a file type with one or more viewers. The default action might specify to open the file in a viewer that is associated with the file type.

- Associate a file extension with a MIME type. The MIME type specifies the format of the file so that Internet browsers and email applications can read the file.

### To Modify Actions

You can modify the actions associated with a file or file type. You can do the following:

- Specify that the action is the default action for a particular file.

- Specify that the action is the default action for a particular file type.

- Specify that the action is an item in the Open With submenu for a particular file.

- Specify that the action is an item in the Open With submenu for a particular file type.

- Specify that the action is not an item in the Open With submenu for a particular file type.

To modify the actions associated with a file or file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select the file for which you want to modify an action. If you want to modify an action associated with a file type, select a file of that type.

2. Choose File Open With. Perform either of the following steps:

   - Choose Other Application. An Open with Other Application dialog is displayed.

   - Choose Other Viewer. A Open with Other Viewer dialog is displayed.

3. From the table in the dialog, select the application or viewer for which you want to modify the behavior.

4. Click on the Modify button. A Modify dialog is displayed. The following table describes the options on the Modify dialog:

   Option | Description
   Include in the menu for `filetype` items | Select this option to include the application or viewer in the Open With submenu for this file type.
   Use as default for `filetype` items | Select this option to use the application or viewer as the default action for this file type.
   Include in the menu for `filename` only | Select this option to include the application or viewer in the Open With submenu for this file, and not for other files of this type.
   Use as default for `filename` only | Select this option to use the application or viewer as the default action for this file, and not for other files of this type.
   Don't include in the menu for `filetype` items | Select this option to exclude the application or viewer from the Open With submenu for this file type.

5. Click OK, then click Cancel to close the dialog.

You can also modify the actions that are associated with a file type in the File Types and Programs preference tool. To open the File Types and Programs preference tool, click on the Go There button.

## Customizing Nautilus

You can customize the file manager to suit your requirements and preferences. This section describes how to customize the file manager.

### Setting Your Preferences

Use the File Management Preferences dialog to set preferences for the file manager. To display the File Management Preferences dialog, choose Edit Preferences.

You can set preferences in the following categories:

- The default settings for views.

- The behavior of files and folders, executable text files, and Trash.

- The information that is displayed in icon captions.

- Preview options to improve the performance of the file manager.

#### To Set Views Preferences

You can specify a default view, and select sort options and display options. You can also specify default settings for icon views and list views. To specify your default view settings, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Views tab in the File Management Preferences dialog to display the Views tabbed section.

gosnautilus-TBL-30 lists the views settings that you can modify.

#### Views Preferences

Dialog Element | Description
View new folders using | Select the default view for folders. When you open a folder, the folder is displayed in the view that you select.
Arrange Items | Select the characteristic by which you want to sort the items in folders that are displayed in this view.
Sort folders before files | Select this option to list folders before files when you sort a folder.
Sort in reverse | Select this option if you want to reverse the order by which items are sorted in this view. If you select this option, the order of the characteristic you select in Arrange Items is reversed. For example, if you select By Name from the Arrange Items drop-down list box. You can select the Sort in reverse option to sort the items in reverse alphabetical order.
Show hidden and backup files | Select this option to display hidden files and backup files in the view pane. The first character in a hidden filename is a period (.). The last character in a backup filename is a tilde (~).
Default zoom level | Icon view and list view. Select the default zoom level for folders that are displayed in this view. The zoom level specifies the size of items in a view.
Use compact layout | Select this option to arrange the items in icon view so that the items in the folder are closer to each other.
Use manual layout | Select this option if you want to arrange the items in icon view manually.
Show only folders | Select this option to display only folders in the Tree in the side pane.

#### To Set File and Folder Preferences

To set your preferences for files and folders, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Files and Folders tab in the File Management Preferences dialog to display the Files and Folders tabbed section.

gosnautilus-TBL-37 lists the settings that you can modify for files and folders.

#### Files and Folders Preferences

Option | Description
Open each file or folder in a new window | Select this option to open a new window when you open a file or folder.
Activate items with a single click | Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you click on the item. When this option is selected, and you point to an item, the title of the item is underlined.
Activate items with a double click | Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you double-click on the item.
Execute scripts when they are clicked | Select this option to run an executable file when you choose the executable file. An executable file is a text file that can execute, that is, a shell script.
View scripts when they are clicked | Select this option to display the contents of an executable file when you choose the executable file.
Ask each time | Select this option to display a dialog when you choose an executable file. The dialog asks whether you want to execute the file or display the file.
Ask before emptying the Trash or deleting files | Select this option to display a confirmation message before Trash is emptied, or files are deleted.
Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash | Select this option to add a Delete menu item to the following menus: The Edit menu. The popup menu that is displayed when you right-click on a file, folder, or desktop background object. When you select an item then choose the Delete menu item, the item is deleted from your file system immediately.

#### To Set Icon Captions Preferences

An icon caption displays the name of a file or folder in an icon view. The icon caption also includes three additional items of information on the file or folder. The additional information is displayed after the file name. Normally only one item of information is visible, but when you zoom in on an icon, more of the information is displayed. You can modify what additional information is displayed in icon captions.

To set your preferences for icon captions, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Files and Folders tab in the File Management Preferences dialog to display the Files and Folders tabbed section.

Select the items of information that you want to display in the icon caption from the three drop-down list boxes. Select the first item from the first drop-down list box, select the second item from the second drop-down list box, and so on. The following table describes the items of information that you can select:

Information | Description
Size | Choose this option to display the size of the item.
Type | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item from the File Types and Programs preference tool.
Date modified | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Date accessed | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Owner | Choose this option to display the owner of the item.
Group | Choose this option to display the group to which the owner of the item belongs.
Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item as three sets of three characters, for example `-rwxrw-r--`.
Octal permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item in octal notation, for example `764`.
MIME type | Choose this option to display the MIME type of the item.
None | Choose this option to display no information for the item.

#### To Set Preview Preferences

The file manager include some file preview features. The preview features can affect the speed with which the file manager responds to your requests. You can modify the behavior of some of these features to improve the speed of the file manager. For each preview preference, you can select one of the options described in the following table:

Option | Description
Always | Performs the action for both local files, and files on other file systems.
Local File Only | Performs the action for local files only.
Never | Never performs the action.

To set your preview preferences, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Preview tab in the File Management Preferences dialog to display the Preview tabbed section.

gosnautilus-TBL-41 lists the preview settings that you can modify.

#### Preview Preferences

Dialog Element | Description
Show text in icons | Select an option to specify when to preview the content of text files in the icon that represents the file.
Show thumbnails | Select an option to specify when to show thumbnails of image files. The file manager stores the thumbnail files for each folder in a `.thumbnails` directory that is one level below the folder.
Only for files smaller than | Specify the maximum file size for files for which the file manager creates a thumbnail.
Preview sound files | Select an option to specify when to preview sound files.
Show number of items | Select an option to specify when to show the number of items in folders.

### Changing Backgrounds

Nautilus includes backgrounds that you can use to change the look-and-feel of the following screen components:

- Nautilus desktop background

- Side pane

- View pane

- Panels, except for the Menu Panel

To change the background of a screen component perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. The Backgrounds and Emblems dialog is displayed.

2. To display a list of patterns that you can use on the background, click on the Patterns button. To display a list of the colors that you can use on the background, click on the Colors button.

3. To change the background to a pattern, drag the pattern to the screen component. To change the background to a color, drag the color to the screen component.

4. Click Close to close the dialog.

Alternatively, you can right-click on the background of the side pane and the view pane, then choose Change Background. The Backgrounds and Emblems dialog is displayed. To reset the pane background to the default background, right-click on the background of the pane, then choose Use Default Background.

When you change the background of the side pane or the view pane of a particular folder, Nautilus remembers the background that you chose. The next time that you display the folder, the background that you selected is displayed. In other words, when you change the background of a folder, you customize the folder to display the background.

#### To Add a Pattern

To add a pattern to the patterns that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Patterns button, then click on the Add New Pattern button. A dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to find the new pattern. Click OK to add the new pattern to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

#### To Add a Color

To add a color to the colors that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Colors button, then click on the Add New Color button. A color selector dialog is displayed. Use the color wheel or the sliders to choose the color. Click OK to add the new color to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

### To Show and Hide Window Components

You can show and hide Nautilus window components as follows:

- To hide the side pane, choose View Side Pane. To display the side pane again, choose View Side Pane again.

- To hide the toolbar, choose View Toolbar. To display the toolbar again, choose View Toolbar again.

- To hide the location bar, choose View Location Bar. To display the location bar again, choose View Location Bar again.

- To hide the statusbar, choose View Statusbar. To display the statusbar again, choose View Statusbar again.

- To remove a tab from the side pane, right-click in the side pane. Choose the tab that you want to remove from the popup menu. To add the tab to the side pane again, choose the tab from the popup menu again.

## Using Removable Media

Nautilus supports the following removable media:

- CD-ROM

- Iomega Zip disk

- Floppy diskette

For Nautilus to recognize removable media, you must have an appropriate entry for the media in the `/etc/fstab` file.

### To Mount Media

To mount media is to make the file system of the media available for access. When you mount media, the file system of the media is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

To mount media, insert the media in the appropriate device. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop background. The object is added only if your system is configured to mount the device automatically when media is detected.

If your system is not configured to mount the device automatically, you must mount the device manually. Right-click on the desktop background, then choose Disks `device_name`. For example, to mount a floppy diskette, choose Disks Floppy. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop background.

### To Display Media Contents

You can display media contents in any of the following ways:

- Double-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop background.

- Right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop background, then choose Open.

A Nautilus window displays the contents of the media. To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

### To Display Media Properties

To display the properties of removable media, right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop background, then choose Properties. A dialog displays the properties of the media.

To close the properties dialog, click Close.

### To Format a Floppy Diskette

To format media is to prepare the media for use with a particular file system. When you format media, you overwrite any existing information on the media. You can use the file manager to format floppy diskettes.

To format a floppy diskette, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the diskette in the diskette drive. Mount the diskette. For information on how to mount media, see gosnautilus-462.

2. Right-click on the object that represents the diskette on the desktop background, then choose Format. A Floppy formatter dialog is displayed.

3. Select your format options in the Floppy formatter dialog. The following table describes the elements on the dialog:

   Dialog Element | Description
   Floppy device | Displays the name of the floppy device.
   Floppy density | Select the density that you want for the diskette.
   File system type | Select the type of file system in which you want to format the diskette.
   Volume name | Type a name for the diskette in the text box.
   Quick | Select this option to create only the file system on the diskette.
   Standard | Select this option to create the file system on the diskette, and add a low-level format.
   Thorough | Select this option to create the file system on the diskette, add a low-level format, and perform a check for bad blocks.

4. Click Format to format the diskette.

### To Eject Media

To eject media, right-click on the media object on the desktop background, then choose Eject. If the drive for the media is a motorized drive, the media is ejected from the drive. If the drive for the media is not a motorized drive, a message is displayed when you can manually eject the media.

You cannot eject media from a motorized drive when the media is mounted. To eject media, first unmount the media. To remove a floppy diskette from the drive, perform the following steps:

1. Close all Nautilus windows, Terminal windows, and any other windows that access the diskette.

2. Right-click on the object that represents the diskette on the desktop background, then choose Unmount Volume.

3. Eject the diskette from the drive.

   If you eject the diskette from the drive before you unmount the diskette, you might lose the data on the diskette.