\Header{formatC}{Formatting Using C-style Formats}
\alias{format.char}{formatC}
\keyword{character}{formatC}
\keyword{print}{formatC}
\begin{Description}\relax
Formatting numbers individually and flexibly, using \code{C} style
format specifications.  \code{format.char} is a helper function for
\code{formatC}.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
formatC(x, digits = NULL, width = NULL,
        format = NULL, flag = "", mode = NULL)
format.char(x, width = NULL, flag = "-")
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x}] an atomic numerical or character object, typically a vector
of real numbers.
\item[\code{digits}] the desired number of digits after the decimal
point (\code{format = "f"}) or \emph{significant} digits
(\code{format = "g"}, \code{= "e"} or \code{= "fg"}).

Default: 2 for integer, 4 for real numbers.  If less than 0,
the C default of 6 digits is used.
\item[\code{width}] the total field width; if both \code{digits} and
\code{width} are unspecified, \code{width} defaults to 1,
otherwise to \code{digits + 1}.  \code{width = 0} will use
\code{width = digits}, \code{width < 0} means left
justify the number in this field (equivalent to \code{flag ="-"}).
If necessary, the result will have more characters than \code{width}.
\item[\code{format}] equal to \code{"d"}  (for integers), \code{"f"},
\code{"e"}, \code{"E"}, \code{"g"}, \code{"G"}, \code{"fg"} (for
reals), or \code{"s"} (for strings). Default is \code{"d"} for
integers, \code{"g"} for reals.

\code{"f"} gives numbers in the usual
\code{xxx.xxx} format;  \code{"e"} and \code{"E"} give \code{n.ddde+nn} or
\code{n.dddE+nn} (scientific format); \code{"g"} and \code{"G"} put
\code{x[i]} into scientific format only if it saves space to do so.

\code{"fg"} uses fixed format as \code{"f"}, but \code{digits} as
number of \emph{significant} digits.  Note that this can lead to
quite long result strings, see examples below.
\item[\code{flag}] format modifier as in Kernighan and Ritchie (1988, page 243).
\code{"0"}  pads leading zeros; \code{"-"} does left adjustment,
others are \code{"+"}, \code{" "}, and \code{"\#"}.
\item[\code{mode}] \code{"double"} (or \code{"real"}), \code{"integer"} or
\code{"character"}.
Default: Determined from the storage mode of \code{x}.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
If you set \code{format} it over-rides the setting of \code{mode}, so
\code{formatC(123.45, mode="double", format="d")} gives \code{123}.

The rendering of scientific format is platform-dependent: some systems
use \code{n.ddde+nnn} or \code{n.dddenn} rather than \code{n.ddde+nn}.

\code{formatC} does not necessarily align the numbers on the decimal
point, so \code{formatC(c(6.11, 13.1), digits=2, format="fg")} gives
\code{c("6.1", " 13")}.  If you want common formatting for several
numbers, use \code{\Link{format}}.\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
A character object of same size and attributes as \code{x}.
Unlike \code{\Link{format}}, each number is formatted individually.
Looping over each element of \code{x}, \code{sprintf(...)} is
called (inside the C function \code{str\_signif}).

\code{format.char(x)} and \code{formatC}, for character \code{x}, do
simple (left or right) padding with white space.\end{Value}
\begin{Author}\relax
Originally written by Bill Dunlap, later much improved by Martin Maechler,
it was first adapted for \R{} by Friedrich Leisch.\end{Author}
\begin{References}\relax
Kernighan, B. W. and Ritchie, D. M. (1988)
\emph{The C Programming Language.}  Second edition. Prentice Hall.\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{format}}.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
xx  <- pi * 10^(-5:4)
dd <- options(digits = 4)   # only for format
cbind(format(xx), formatC(xx))
cbind(formatC(xx, wid = 9, flag = "-"))
cbind(formatC(xx, dig = 5, wid = 8, format = "f", flag = "0"))

format.char(c("a", "Abc", "no way"), wid = -7)  # <=> flag = "-"
formatC(    c("a", "Abc", "no way"), wid = -7)  # <=> flag = "-"
formatC(c((-1:1)/0,c(1,100)*pi), wid=8, dig=1)

xx <- c(1e-12,-3.98765e-10,1.45645e-69,1e-70,pi*1e37,3.44e4)
##       1        2             3        4      5       6
formatC(xx)
formatC(xx, format="fg")       # special "fixed" format.
formatC(xx, format="f", dig=80)#>> also long strings
options(dd) # reset
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

