\Header{complex}{Complex Vectors}
\alias{Arg}{complex}
\alias{as.complex}{complex}
\methalias{as.complex.default}{complex}
\alias{Conj}{complex}
\alias{Im}{complex}
\alias{is.complex}{complex}
\alias{Mod}{complex}
\alias{Re}{complex}
\keyword{complex}{complex}
\begin{Description}\relax
Basic functions which support complex arithmetic in R.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
complex(length.out = 0, real = numeric(), imaginary = numeric(),
        modulus = 1, argument = 0)
as.complex(x, ...)
is.complex(x)

Re(x)
Im(x)
Mod(x)
Arg(x)
Conj(x)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{length.out}] numeric.  Desired length of the output vector,
inputs being recycled as needed.
\item[\code{real}] numeric vector.
\item[\code{imaginary}] numeric vector.
\item[\code{modulus}] numeric vector.
\item[\code{argument}] numeric vector.
\item[\code{x}] an object, probably of mode \code{complex}.
\item[\code{...}] further arguments passed to or from other methods.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
Complex vectors can be created with \code{complex}.  The vector can be
specified either by giving its length, its real and imaginary parts, or
modulus and argument. (Giving just the length generates a vector of
complex zeroes.)

Note that \code{is.complex} and \code{is.numeric} are never both
\code{TRUE}.

The functions \code{Re}, \code{Im}, \code{Mod}, \code{Arg} and
\code{Conj} have their usual interpretation as returning the real
part, imaginary part, modulus, argument and complex conjugate for
complex values. Modulus and argument are also called the \emph{polar
coordinates}. If \eqn{z = x + i y}{} with real \eqn{x}{} and \eqn{y}{},
\code{Mod}\eqn{(z) = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}{}, and for
\eqn{\phi= Arg(z)}{}, \eqn{x = \cos(\phi)}{} and \eqn{y = \sin(\phi)}{}.

In addition, the elementary trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential
functions are available for complex values.\end{Details}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
( z <- 0i ^ (-3:3) )
stopifnot(Re(z) == 0 ^ (-3:3))
matrix(1i^ (-6:5), nr=4)#- all columns are the same
0 ^ 1i # a complex NaN

## create a complex normal vector
z <- complex(real = rnorm(100), imag = rnorm(100))
## or also (less efficiently):
z2 <- 1:2 + 1i*(8:9)

all(Mod ( 1 -  sin(z) / ( (exp(1i*z)-exp(-1i*z))/(2*1i) ))
    < 100*.Machine$double.eps)
## The Arg(.) is an angle:
zz <- (rep(1:4,len=9) + 1i*(9:1))/10
zz.shift <- complex(modulus = Mod(zz), argument= Arg(zz) + pi)
plot(zz, xlim=c(-1,1), ylim=c(-1,1), col="red", asp = 1,
     main = expression(paste("Rotation by "," ", pi == 180^o)))
abline(h=0,v=0, col="blue", lty=3)
points(zz.shift, col="orange")
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

