GPS Manager User Manual -- Map background images

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## Map background images

A map background image can be loaded either from a file containing a GIF or PNM image, in which case it must be geo-referenced, or from an image information file that contains geo-referencing information together with the path of the files containing images. GPSMan will automatically detect the kind of file it has to load from. It only makes sense to have as background images maps in one of the projections that GPSMan implements.

Geo-referencing a background image consists in selecting a projection and a coordinates transformation and in placing control waypoints in the image in order to fix the values of the parameters of the projection and the transformation. Only then is it possible to compute map coordinates from geodetic coordinates or the inverse. In fact, to convert from geodetic coordinates (i.e., coordinates in the spheroid, typically as latitude and longitude) into pixel coordinates in the screen there are two operations:

1. a projection, that from geodetic coordinates computes Cartesian plane coordinates, and
2. a coordinates transformation, that from Cartesian plane coordinates computes pixel coordinates.

This last operation is needed because the image can be rotated or distorted.

When geo-referencing an image to be loaded from a file in GIF or PNM format, the following information must be known:

- the projection used in the image,
- the datum,
- the coordinates transformation to use.

If the image is that of a map, the first two will hopefully be described in it. The corresponding options should be selected from the two menu-buttons at the left on the bottom of the map window, if the map window is the main window, or the `Datum` and `Projection` menu-buttons of the map window, if the lists window is the main window. As to the datum, it must be emphasised that some maps have a cartographic datum (the one used for projecting the map elements) and then one or more sets of grid lines projected using other different datums. The datum to be selected in GPSMan is the cartographic one, not any of the grid ones. On the other hand, if the intersection points of a grid are to be used as control points for geo-referencing the image, the datum for the grid should be used when creating the corresponding waypoints. More information on datums can be found below

The transformations presently available in GPSman are

- affine conformal with no rotation. It is the one to choose if the central vertical line of the map image is oriented North-South (geographic, not magnetic) and there is no distortion in different directions (i.e., in each point the map scale is the same irrespective of the direction that is considered).
- affine conformal. To be used when the vertical of the image is not oriented N-S, and there is no distortion in different directions.
- affine. This is the more general case: the vertical of the image is not oriented N-S and there may be distortion in different directions.

Along with this information, 2 or 3 control waypoints with known coordinates will be needed. They will be placed over the image to geo-reference it. The first thing to do is to create these waypoints. It is a good idea to use either no symbol for them, or to use the `Mark, x` symbol so that later on they can be placed exactly where they should be in the image. If the transformation is the "affine conformal" one 2 waypoints will be needed, otherwise 3. In the latter case, the waypoints should be chosen so as to form an almost equilateral triangle, in order to minimise positioning errors.

After these preliminary steps, either the entry `Map->Background->Load` from the `Map` menu-button (if main window is the map window), or the entry `Load` of the `Background` menu-button (if main window is the lists window) should be selected. The file to be loaded is then chosen. This may be a GPSMan image information file (containing geo-referencing information) in which case the image is loaded with no further ado. If it is a GIF or PNM file, dialog windows will allow for the selection of the transformation to be used and the 2 or 3 waypoints that will serve as control points. The image is then presented in the map window. In the case of the "affine" and "affine conformal" transformations each of the selected waypoints are then placed over the image where the user thinks they should be. If the "affine conformal no rotation" transformation was selected, one of the waypoints is placed first and 2 lines will de drawn. Each of the other 2 waypoints must be over each of these lines. When the mouse is moved, the 2 wayponts will move over these lines until the user clicks the left-button to place them both at the same time.

The operation is finished by clicking on the `Ok` or `Cancel` buttons of the dialog window. The map scale cannot be changed if there is a background image, and an image can only be loaded to an empty map.

After geo-referencing an image, it can (should) be saved through the entry `Save geo-ref info` (under either `Map->Background`, or `Background` menu-buttons) so that the next time it can be loaded with no need for geo-referencing.

It is a fact that for the "affine conformal no rotation" transformation, 2 waypoints would be sufficient. However GPSMan asks for 3 to be placed so that the user may place 2 of them at the same time, in this way having more control on positioning errors. The 3 waypoints should form an almost equilateral triangle that can be shown in the map window. The order of the 3 waypoints is important, as the first one cannot be moved after being placed. This waypoint, then, should be such that there are no doubts on where it should go. It will be shown together with lines that will contain the other two, and will be placed by clicking the left-button. The other two will be placed as a pair in the same way, scale changes being displayed.

Other background images can be loaded after having one image geo-referenced by using the `Change` option of the map `Background` menu. All images are assumed to have the same size forming a grid, the same datum, projection and coordinates transformation being applied to all of them. This will be useful for loading different sheets of a map to the background.

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