


BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


NAME
       Binary Decimal Hexadecimal - How does it work

DESCRIPTION
       Most people use the decimal numbering system. This system
       uses ten symbols to represent numbers. When those ten
       symbols are used up, they start all over again and
       increment the position just before this. The digit 0 is
       only shown if it is the only symbol in the sequence, or if
       it is not the first one.

       If this sounds as crypto to you, this is what I've said in
       numbers:

            0
            1
            2
            3
            4
            5
            6
            7
            8
            9
           10
           11
           12
           13

       and so on.

       Each time the digit nine should be incremented, it is
       reset to 0 and the position before is incremented. Then
       number 9 can be seen as "00009" and when we should
       increment 9, we reset it to zero and increment the digit
       just before the 9 so the number becomes "00010". For
       zero's we write a space if it is not the only digit (so:
       number 0) and if it is the first digit: "00010" -> " 0010"
       -> "  010" -> "   10". It is not "   1 ".

       This was pretty basic, you already knew this. Why did I
       tell it ?  Well, computers do not represent numbers with
       10 different digits. They know of only two different
       symbols, being 0 and 1. Apply the same rules to this set
       of digits and you get the binary numbering system:












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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


            0
            1
           10
           11
          100
          101
          110
          111
         1000
         1001
         1010
         1011
         1100
         1101

       and so on.

       If you count the number of rows, you'll see that these are
       again 14 different numbers. The numbers are the same and
       mean the same. It is only a different representation. This
       means that you have to know the representation used, or as
       it is called the numbering system or base.  Normally if we
       do not speak about the numbering system used, we're using
       the decimal system. If we are talking about another
       numbering system, we'll have to make that clear. There are
       a few wide-spread methods to do so. One common form is to
       write 1010(2) which means that you wrote down a number in
       the binary form. It is the number ten.  If you would write
       1010 it means the number one thousand and ten.

       In books, another form is most used. It uses subscript
       (little chars, more or less in between two rows). You can
       leave out the parentheses in that case and write down the
       number in normal characters followed with a little two
       just behind it.

       The numbering system used is also called the base. We talk
       of the number 1100 base 2, the number 12 base 10.

       For the binary system, is is common to write leading
       zero's. The numbers are written down in series of four,
       eight or sixteen depending on the context.

       We can use the binary form when talking to computers
       (...programming...)  but the numbers will have large
       representations. The number 65535 would be written down as
       1111111111111111(2) which is 16 times the digit 1.  This
       is difficult and prone to errors. Therefore we normally
       would use another base, called hexadecimal. It uses 16
       different symbols. First the symbols from the decimal
       system are used, thereafter we continue with the
       alphabetic characters. We get 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
       9, A, B, C, D, E and F. This system is chosen because the
       hexadecimal form can be converted into the binary system



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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


       very easy (and back).

       There is yet another system in use, called the octal
       system. This was more common in the old days but not
       anymore. You will find it in use on some places so get
       used to it. The same story applies, but now with only
       eight different symbols.

        Binary      (2)
        Octal       (8)
        Decimal     (10)
        Hexadecimal (16)

        (2)    (8) (10) (16)
        00000   0    0    0
        00001   1    1    1
        00010   2    2    2
        00011   3    3    3
        00100   4    4    4
        00101   5    5    5
        00110   6    6    6
        00111   7    7    7
        01000  10    8    8
        01001  11    9    9
        01010  12   10    A
        01011  13   11    B
        01100  14   12    C
        01101  15   13    D
        01110  16   14    E
        01111  17   15    F
        10000  20   16   10
        10001  21   17   11
        10010  22   18   12
        10011  23   19   13
        10100  24   20   14
        10101  25   21   15

       Most computers used nowadays are using bytes of eight
       bits. This means that they store eight bits at a time. You
       can see why the octal system is not the most preferred for
       that: You'd need three digits to represent the eight bits
       and this means that you'd have to use one complete digit
       to represent only two bits (2+3+3=8). This is a waste. For
       hexadecimal digits, you need only two digits which are
       used completely:

        (2)      (8)  (10) (16)
        11111111 377  255   FF

       You can see why binary and hexadecimal can be converted
       quickly: For each hexadecimal digit there are exactly four
       binary digits.  Take a binary number. Each time take four
       digits from the right and make a hexadecimal digit from it
       (see the table above). Stop when there are no more digits.



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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


       Other way around: Take a hexadecimal number. For each
       digit, write down its binary equivalent.

       Computers (or rather the parsers running on them) would
       have a hard time converting a number like 1234(16).
       Therefore hexadecimal numbers get a prefix. This prefix
       depends on the language you're writing in. Some of the
       prefixes are "0x" for C, "$" for Pascal, "#" for HTML.  It
       is common to assume that if a number starts with a zero,
       it is octal.  It does not matter what is used as long as
       you know what it is.  I will use "0x" for hexadecimal, "%"
       for binary and "0" for octal.  The following numbers are
       all the same, just the way they are written is different:
       021  0x11  17  %00010001

       To do arithmetics and conversions you need to understand
       one more thing.  It is something you already know but
       perhaps you do not "see" it yet:

       If you write down 1234, (so it is decimal) you are talking
       about the number one thousand, two hundred and thirty
       four. In sort of a formula:

        1 * 1000 = 1000
        2 *  100 =  200
        3 *   10 =   30
        4 *    1 =    4

       This can also be written as:

        1 * 10^3
        2 * 10^2
        3 * 10^1
        4 * 10^0

       where ^ means "to the power of".

       We are using the base 10, and the positions 0,1,2 and 3.
       The right-most position should NOT be multiplied with 10.
       The second from the right should be multiplied one time
       with 10. The third from the right is multiplied with 10
       two times. This continues for whatever positions are used.

       It is the same in all other representations:

       0x1234 will be

        1 * 16^3
        2 * 16^2
        3 * 16^1
        4 * 16^0

       01234 would be




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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


        1 * 8^3
        2 * 8^2
        3 * 8^1
        4 * 8^0

       This example can not be done for binary as that system can
       only use two symbols. Another example:

       %1010 would be

        1 * 2^3
        0 * 2^2
        1 * 2^1
        0 * 2^0

       It would have been more easy to convert it to its
       hexadecimal form and just translate %1010 into 0xA. After
       a while you get used to it. You will not need to do any
       calculations anymore but just know that 0xA means 10.

       To convert a decimal number into a hexadecimal one you
       could use the next method. It will take some time to be
       able to do the estimates but it will be more and more easy
       when you use the system more frequent. Another way is
       presented to you thereafter.

       First you will need to know how many positions will be
       used in the other system. To do so, you need to know the
       maximum numbers. Well, that's not so hard as it looks. In
       decimal, the maximum number that you can form with two
       digits is "99". The maximum for three: "999". The next
       number would need an extra position. Reverse this idea and
       you will see that the number can be found by taking 10^3
       (10*10*10 is 1000) minus 1 or 10^2 minus one.

       This can be done for hexadecimal too:

        16^4 = 0x10000 = 65536
        16^3 =  0x1000 =  4096
        16^2 =   0x100 =   256
        16^1 =    0x10 =    16

       If a number is smaller than 65536 it will thus fit in four
       positions.  If the number is bigger than 4095, you will
       need to use position 4.  How many times can you take 4096
       from the number without going below zero is the first
       digit you write down. This will always be a number from 1
       to 15 (0x1 to 0xF). Do the same for the other positions.

       Number is 41029. It is smaller than 16^4 but bigger than
       16^3-1. This means that we have to use four positions.  We
       can subtract 16^3 from 41029 ten times without going below
       zero.  The leftmost digit will be "A" so we have 0xA????.
       The number is reduced to 41029 - 10*4096 = 41029-40960 =



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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


       69.  69 is smaller than 16^3 but not bigger than 16^2-1.
       The second digit is therefore "0" and we know 0xA0??.  69
       is smaller than 16^2 and bigger than 16^1-1. We can
       subtract 16^1 (which is just plain 16) four times and
       write down "4" to get 0xA04?.  Take 64 from 69 (69 - 4*16)
       and the last digit is 5 --> 0xA045.

       The other method builds the number from the right. Take
       again 41029.  Divide by 16 and do not use fractions (only
       whole numbers).

        41029 / 16 is 2564 with a remainder of 5. Write down 5.
        2564 / 16 is 160 with a remainder of 4. Write the 4 before the 5.
        160 / 16 is 10 with no remainder. Prepend 45 with 0.
        10 / 16 is below one. End here and prepend 0xA. End up with 0xA045.

       Which method to use is up to you. Use whatever works for
       you. Personally I use them both without being able to tell
       what method I use in each case, it just depends on the
       number, I think. Fact is, some numbers will occur
       frequently while programming, if the number is close then
       I will use the first method (like 32770, translate into
       32768 + 2 and just know that it is 0x8000 + 0x2 = 0x8002).

       For binary the same approach can be used. The base is 2
       and not 16, and the number of positions will grow rapidly.
       Using the second method has the advantage that you can see
       very simple if you should write down a zero or a one: if
       you divide by two the remainder will be zero if it was an
       even number and one if it was an odd number:

        41029 / 2 = 20514 remainder 1
        20514 / 2 = 10257 remainder 0
        10257 / 2 =  5128 remainder 1
         5128 / 2 =  2564 remainder 0
         2564 / 2 =  1282 remainder 0
         1282 / 2 =   641 remainder 0
          641 / 2 =   320 remainder 1
          320 / 2 =   160 remainder 0
          160 / 2 =    80 remainder 0
           80 / 2 =    40 remainder 0
           40 / 2 =    20 remainder 0
           20 / 2 =    10 remainder 0
           10 / 2 =     5 remainder 0
            5 / 2 =     2 remainder 1
            2 / 2 =     1 remainder 0
            1 / 2 below 0 remainder 1

       Write down the results from right to left:
       %1010000001000101

       Group by four:





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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


        %1010000001000101
        %101000000100 0101
        %10100000 0100 0101
        %1010 0000 0100 0101

       Convert into hexadecimal: 0xA045

       Group %1010000001000101 by three and convert into octal:

        %1010000001000101
        %1010000001000 101
        %1010000001 000 101
        %1010000 001 000 101
        %1010 000 001 000 101
        %1 010 000 001 000 101
        %001 010 000 001 000 101
           1   2   0   1   0   5 --> 0120105

        So: %1010000001000101 = 0120105 = 0xA045 = 41029
        Or: 1010000001000101(2) = 120105(8) = A045(16) = 41029(10)
        Or: 1010000001000101(2) = 120105(8) = A045(16) = 41029

       At first while adding numbers, you'll convert them to
       their decimal form and then back into their original form
       after doing the addition.  If you use the other numbering
       system often, you will see that you'll be able to do
       arithmetics in the base that is used.  In any
       representation it is the same, add the numbers on the
       right, write down the rightmost digit from the result,
       remember the other digits and use them in the next round.
       Continue with the second digits from the right and so on:

           %1010 + %0111 --> 10 + 7 --> 17 --> %00010001

       will become

           %1010
           %0111 +
            ||||
            |||+-- add 0 + 1, result is 1, nothing to remember
            ||+--- add 1 + 1, result is %10, write down 0 and remember 1
            |+---- add 0 + 1 + 1(remembered), result = 0, remember 1
            +----- add 1 + 0 + 1(remembered), result = 0, remember 1
                   nothing to add, 1 remembered, result = 1
        --------
          %10001 is the result, I like to write it as %00010001

       For low values, try to do the calculations yourself, check
       them with a calculator. The more you do the calculations
       yourself, the more you find that you didn't make mistakes.
       In the end, you'll do calculi in other bases as easy as
       you do in decimal.

       When the numbers get bigger, you'll have to realize that a



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BIN_DEC_HEX(1)               rrdtool               BIN_DEC_HEX(1)


       computer is not called a computer just to have a nice
       name. There are many different calculators available. Use
       them. For Unix you could use "bc" which is called so as it
       is short for Binary Calculator. It calculates not only in
       decimal, but in all bases you'll ever use (among them
       Binary).

       For people on Windows: Start the calculator
       (start->programs->accessories->calculator) and if
       necessary click view->scientific. You now have a
       scientific calculator and can compute in binary or
       hexadecimal.

AUTHOR
       I hope you enjoyed the examples and their descriptions. If
       you do, help other people by pointing them to this
       document when they are asking basic questions. They will
       not only get their answer but at the same time learn a
       whole lot more.

       Alex van den Bogaerdt <alex@ergens.op.het.net>




































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