12 Print Dictionaries

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#### Part 3

### Base Tag Sets

# 12 Print Dictionaries

This chapter defines a base tag set for encoding human-oriented monolingual and polyglot dictionaries (as opposed to computational lexica, which are intended for use by language-processing software). Dictionaries are most familiar in their printed form; however, increasing numbers of dictionaries exist also in electronic forms which are independent of any particular printed form, but from which various displays can be produced --- e.g. CD-ROM dictionaries.

Both typographically and structurally, dictionaries are extremely complex. In addition, dictionaries interest many communities with different and sometimes conflicting goals. As a result, many general problems of text encoding are particularly pronounced here, and more compromises and alternatives within the encoding scheme may be required. [ see note 66 ] Two problems are particularly prominent.

First, because the structure of dictionary entries varies widely both among and within dictionaries, the simplest way for an encoding scheme to accommodate the entire range of structures actually encountered is to allow virtually any element to appear virtually anywhere in a dictionary entry. It is clear, however, that strong and consistent structural principles do govern the vast majority of conventional dictionaries, as well as many or most entries even in more `exotic' dictionaries; ideally, a set of encoding guidelines should capture these structural principles. We therefore define two distinct elements for dictionary entries, one (`<entry>` ) which captures the regularities of most conventional dictionary entries, and a second (`<entryFree>` ) which uses the same elements, but allows them to combine much more freely. It is recommended that `<entry>` be used in preference to `<entryFree>` wherever the structure of the entry allows it. These elements and their contents are described in sections 12.2 , 12.6 , and 12.4 .

Second, since so much of the information in printed dictionaries is implicit or highly compressed, their encoding requires clear thought about whether it is to capture the precise typographic form of the source text or the underlying structure of the information it presents. Since both of these views of the dictionary may be of interest, it proves necessary to develop methods of recording both, and of recording the interrelationship between them as well. Users interested mainly in the printed format of the dictionary will require an encoding to be faithful to an original printed version. However, other users will be interested primarily in capturing the lexical information in a dictionary in a form suitable for further processing, which may demand the expansion or rearrangement of the information contained in the printed form. Further, some users wish to encode both of these views of the data, and retain the links between related elements of the two encodings. Problems of recording these two different views of dictionary data are discussed in section 12.5 , together with mechanisms for retaining both views when this is desired.

Whichever view is adopted, a parameter entity `TEI.dictionaries` must be declared within the document type subset of any document using this base tag set. This should have the value `INCLUDE` , as further described in section 3.3 . A document using this base tag set and no other additional tag sets will thus begin as follows:

     <!DOCTYPE TEI.2 PUBLIC "-//TEI P3//DTD Main Document Type//EN"
                            "tei2.dtd" [
     <!ENTITY % TEI.dictionaries 'INCLUDE' >
     ]>

## 12.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure

Overall, dictionaries have the same structure of front matter, body, and back matter familiar from other texts; the base tag set for dictionaries uses the same front-matter and back-matter elements as other TEI base tag sets; these are documented in chapter 7 . In addition, dictionaries define the elements `<entry>` , `<entryFree>` , and `<superEntry>` as component-level elements which can occur directly within a text division or the text body.

The following tags should be used to mark the gross structure of a printed dictionary; the dictionary-specific tags are discussed further in the following section.

- `<text>` contains a single text of any kind, whether unitary or composite, for example a poem or drama, a collection of essays, a novel, a dictionary, or a corpus sample.
- `<front>` contains any prefatory matter (headers, title page, prefaces, dedications, etc.) found before the start of a text proper.
- `<body>` contains the whole body of a single unitary text, excluding any front or back matter.
- `<back>` contains any appendixes, etc. following the main part of a text.
- `<div>` contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text.
- `<div0>` contains the largest possible subdivision of the body of a text.
- `<div1>` contains a first-level subdivision of the front, body, or back of a text (the largest, if `<div0>` is not used, the second largest if it is).
- `<entry>` contains a reasonably well-structured dictionary entry.
- `<entryFree>` contains a dictionary entry which does not necessarily conform to the constraints imposed by the `<entry>` element.
- `<superentry>` groups successive entries for a set of homographs.

The text-division elements `<div2>` through `<div7>` may also be used, as described in chapter 7 .

As members of the class `entries` , `<entry>` and `<entryFree>` share the following attributes:

- `type` indicates type of entry, in dictionaries with multiple types. Suggested values include:
  - foreign an entry for a `foreign' word in a monolingual dictionary.
  - abbr an entry for an abbreviation.
  - supplemental a supplemental entry (for use in dictionaries which issue supplements to their main work in which they include updated information about entries).
  - affix an entry for a prefix, infix, or suffix.
  - xref a reduced entry whose only function is to point to another main entry (e.g. for forms of an irregular verb or for variant spellings: `was' pointing to `be', or `esthete' to `aesthete').
  - main a main entry (default).
  - hom a homograph with a separate entry.
- `key` contains a (sortable) character sequence reflecting the entry's alphabetical position in the printed dictionary.

The front and back matter of a dictionary may well contain specialized material like lists of common and proper nouns, grammatical tables, gazetteers, a `guide to the use of the dictionary', etc. These may be tagged as elements defined in the core tag set (chapter 6 ) or as specialized dictionary elements as defined in this chapter.

The `<body>` element consists of a set of entries, optionally grouped into one or several `<div>` , `<div0>` , or `<div1>` elements. These text divisions might correspond, for example, to sections for different languages in bilingual dictionaries, sections for different letters of the alphabet, etc. [ see note 67 ] In print dictionaries, entries are typically typographically distinct entities, each headed by some morphological form of the lexical item described (the headword), and sorted in alphabetical order or (especially for non-alphabetic scripts) in some other conventional sequence. Dictionary entries should be encoded as distinct successive items, each marked as an `<entry>` element. The `type` attribute may be used to distinguish different types of entries, for example main entries, related entries, run-on entries, or entries for cross-references, etc.

Some dictionaries provide distinct entries for homographs, on the basis of etymology, part-of-speech, or both, and typically provide a numeric superscript on the headword identifying the homograph number. In these cases each homograph should be encoded as a separate entry; the `<superEntry>` element may optionally be used to group such successive homograph entries. In addition to a series of `<entry>` elements, the `<superEntry>` may contain a preliminary `<form>` group (see section 12.3.1 ) when information about hyphenation, pronunciation, etc., is given only once for two or more homograph entries. If the homograph number is to be recorded, the global attribute `n` should be used for this purpose. In some dictionaries, homographs are treated in distinct parts of the same entry; in these cases, they may be separated by use of the `<hom>` element, for which see section 12.2.1 .

A sort key, given in the `key` attribute, is often required for superentries and entries, especially in cases where the order of entries does not follow the local character-set collating sequence (as, for example, when an entry for ``3D'' appears at the place where ``three-D'' would appear).

The body of a bilingual dictionary with two parts will thus have an overall structure resembling the following:

    <body>
      <div0 type='dictionary'>
        <!-- English-French -->
        <entry>...</entry>
        <entry>...</entry>
        <entry>...</entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      </div0>
      <div0>
        <!-- French-English -->
        <entry>...</entry>
        <entry>...</entry>
        <entry>...</entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      </div0>
    </body>

A dictionary with no internal divisions might have a structure like the following; a `<superEntry>` is shown grouping two homograph entries.

    <body>
      <entry>...</entry>
      <entry>...</entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      <superEntry>
        <entry type=hom n='1'>...</entry>
        <entry type=hom n='2'>...</entry>
      </superEntry>
      <!-- ... -->
    </body>

The base tag set for dictionaries is contained in the files `teidict2.ent` and `teidict2.dtd` . The first of these defines the class `comp.dictionaries` , so that the generic text-division elements `<div>` , `<div0>` , `<div1>` , etc. can contain `<entry>` elements:

    <!-- 12.1:  Element classes for dictionary base               -->
    <!-- Text Encoding Initiative: Guidelines for Electronic      -->
    <!-- Text Encoding and Interchange. Document TEI P3, 1994.    -->

    <!-- Copyright (c) 1994 ACH, ACL, ALLC. Permission to copy    -->
    <!-- in any form is granted, provided this notice is          -->
    <!-- included in all copies.                                  -->

    <!-- These materials may not be altered; modifications to     -->
    <!-- these DTDs should be performed as specified in the       -->
    <!-- Guidelines in chapter "Modifying the TEI DTD."           -->

    <!-- These materials subject to revision. Current versions    -->
    <!-- are available from the Text Encoding Initiative.         -->

    <!-- First we define attributes available on all the          -->
    <!-- elements in this tag set.                                -->

    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.5.4                     -->
    <!--     (Attributes for dictionary work)                     -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->

    <!-- Next we define comp.dictionaries, which will be used in  -->
    <!-- the declaration of component, within file TEI2.DTD.      -->

    <!ENTITY % x.comp.dictionaries ''                               >
    <!ENTITY % m.comp.dictionaries '%x.comp.dictionaries entry |
               entryFree | superentry'                              >
    <!ENTITY % mix.dictionaries '| %m.comp.dictionaries'            >

    <!-- Next, we declare some specialized element classes, used  -->
    <!-- in various content models in the dictionary tag set.     -->

    <!ENTITY % a.entries '
              key                CDATA               #IMPLIED
              type               CDATA               "main"'        >

    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.2.2                     -->
    <!--  (Class for top-level structure of dictionary entries)   -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.1                     -->
    <!--     (Classes for morphological and form information)     -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.2                     -->
    <!--     (Elements for grammatical information)               -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.4                       -->
    <!--     (Classes for headword references)                    -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.6                       -->
    <!--     (Model class for unstructured dictionary entries)    -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->

The dictionary-specific elements are all declared in the file `teidict2.dtd` , which has the following overall structure.

    <!-- 12.1:  Base tag set for printed dictionaries             -->
    <!-- Text Encoding Initiative: Guidelines for Electronic      -->
    <!-- Text Encoding and Interchange. Document TEI P3, 1994.    -->

    <!-- Copyright (c) 1994 ACH, ACL, ALLC. Permission to copy    -->
    <!-- in any form is granted, provided this notice is          -->
    <!-- included in all copies.                                  -->

    <!-- These materials may not be altered; modifications to     -->
    <!-- these DTDs should be performed as specified in the       -->
    <!-- Guidelines in chapter "Modifying the TEI DTD."           -->

    <!-- These materials subject to revision. Current versions    -->
    <!-- are available from the Text Encoding Initiative.         -->

    <!-- First we embed the default text structure.               -->

    <![ %TEI.singleBase [
    <!ENTITY % TEI.structure.dtd system 'teistr2.dtd'               >
    %TEI.structure.dtd;
    ]]&nil;>

    <!-- Now we define the dictionary-specific material.          -->

    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.2.1                     -->
    <!--     (Dictionary entries and their structure)             -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.1                     -->
    <!--     (The form group)                                     -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.2                     -->
    <!--     (The gram group)                                     -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.3.1                   -->
    <!--     (Definition text)                                    -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.3.2                   -->
    <!--     (Translation information)                            -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.4                     -->
    <!--     (Etymologies)                                        -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.5.1                   -->
    <!--     (Examples and citations)                             -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.5.2                   -->
    <!--     (Usage information)                                  -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.5.3                   -->
    <!--     (Cross References)                                   -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.3.6                     -->
    <!--     (Related entries)                                    -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->
    <!-- ... declarations from section 12.4                       -->
    <!--     (Headword references)                                -->
    <!--     go here ...                                          -->

## 12.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries

A simple dictionary entry may contain information about the form of the word treated, its grammatical characterization, its definition, synonyms, or translation equivalents, its etymology, cross-references to other entries, usage information, and examples. These we refer to as the constituent parts or constituents of the entry; some dictionary constituents possess no internal structure, while others are most naturally viewed as groups of smaller elements, which may be marked in their own right. In some styles of markup, tags will be applied only to the low-level items, leaving the constituent groups which contain them untagged. We distinguish the class of top-level constituents of dictionary entries, which can occur directly within entries, from the class of phrase-level constituents, which can normally occur only within top-level constituents. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are described in section 12.2.2 , and documented more fully, together with their phrase-level sub-constituents, in section 12.3 .

In addition, however, dictionary entries often have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, an entry may consist of two or more sub-parts, each corresponding to information for a different part-of-speech homograph of the headword. The entry (or part-of-speech homographs, if the entry is split this way) may also consist of senses, each of which may in turn be composed of two or more sub-senses, etc. Each sub-part, homograph entry, sense, or sub-sense we call a level; at any level in an entry, any or all of the constituent parts of dictionary entries may appear. The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are documented in section 12.2.1 .

### 12.2.1 Hierarchical Levels

The outermost structural level of an entry is marked with the elements `<entry>` or `<entryFree>` . The `<hom>` element marks the subdivision of entries into part-of-speech homographs. The `<sense>` element marks the subdivision of entries and part-of-speech homographs into senses; this element nests recursively in order to provide for a hierarchy of sub-senses of any depth. All of these levels may each contain any of the constituent parts of an entry. A special case of hierarchical structure is represented by the `<re>` (related entry) element, which is discussed in section 12.3.6 .

- `<entry>` contains a reasonably well-structured dictionary entry.
- `<entryFree>` contains a dictionary entry which does not necessarily conform to the constraints imposed by the `<entry>` element.
- `<hom>` groups information relating to one homograph within an `<entry>` .
- `<sense>` groups together all information relating to one word sense in a dictionary `<entry>` (definitions, examples, translation equivalents, etc.) Attributes include:
  - `level` gives the nesting depth of this sense.

For example, an entry with two senses will have the following structure:

    <entry>
      <!-- ... information common to both senses -->
      <sense n='1'>
         <!-- ... sense number 1 -->
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>
         <!-- ... sense number 2 -->
      </sense>
    </entry>

An entry with two homographs, the first with two senses and the second with three (one of which has two sub-senses), may have a structure like this:

    <entry>
      <!-- ... information common to both homographs, if any ... -->
      <hom n='1'>
        <sense n='1'>...</sense>
        <sense n='2'>...</sense>
      </hom>
      <hom n='2'>
        <sense n='1'>
          <sense n='a'>...</sense>
          <sense n='b'>...</sense>
        </sense>
        <sense n='2'>...</sense>
        <sense n='3'>...</sense>
      </hom>
    </entry>

In some dictionaries, homographs typically receive separate entries; in such a case, as noted in section 12.1 , the two homographs may be treated as entries, optionally grouped by a superentry:

    <superEntry>
    <!-- ... form information common to both
         homographs, if any ... -->
    <entry n='1'>
      <sense n='1'>...</sense>
      <sense n='2'>...</sense>
    </entry>
    <entry n='2'>
      <sense n='1'>
        <sense n='a'>...</sense>
        <sense n='b'>...</sense>
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>...</sense>
      <sense n='3'>...</sense>
    </entry>
    </superEntry>

The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are declared as shown in the following DTD fragment. As may be seen, the content model for `<entry>` specifies that entries do not nest, that homographs nest within entries, and that senses nest within entries, homographs, or senses, and may be nested to any depth to reflect the embedding of sub-senses. Any of the top-level constituents (`<def>` , `<usg>` , `<form>` , etc.) can appear at any level (i.e., within entries, homographs, or senses).

    <!-- 12.2.1:  Dictionary entries and their structure          -->
    <!ELEMENT superentry    - O  (form?, entry+)                    >
    <!ATTLIST superentry         %a.global;
                                 %a.entries;                        >
    <!ELEMENT entry         - O  (hom | sense |
                                 %m.dictionaryTopLevel)+
                                                      +(anchor)     >
    <!ATTLIST entry              %a.global;
                                 %a.entries;                        >
    <!ELEMENT entryFree     - O  (#PCDATA)

                                                     +(%m.dictionaryParts
                                                     | %m.phrase |
                                                     %m.inter)      >
    <!ATTLIST entryFree          %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
                                 %a.entries;                        >
    <!ELEMENT hom           - O  (sense | %m.dictionaryTopLevel)*
                                                        -(entry)    >
    <!ATTLIST hom                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT sense         - -  (#PCDATA | sense |
                                 %m.dictionaryTopLevel; |
                                 %m.phrase;)*                       >
    <!ATTLIST sense              %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              level              NUMBER              #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

### 12.2.2 Groups and Constituents

As noted above, dictionary entries, and subordinate levels within dictionary entries, may comprise several constituent parts, each providing a different type of information about the word treated. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are:

- information about the form of the word treated (orthography, pronunciation, hyphenation, etc.)
- grammatical information (part of speech, grammatical sub-categorization, etc.)
- definitions or translations into another language
- etymology
- examples
- usage information
- cross-references to other entries
- notes
- entries (often of reduced form) for related words, typically called related entries

Any of the hierarchical levels (`<entry>` , `<entryFree>` , `<hom>` , `<sense>` ) may contain any of these top-level constituents, since information about word form, particular grammatical information, special pronunciation, usage information, etc., may apply to an entire entry, or to only one homograph, or only to a particular sense. The examples below illustrate this point.

The following elements are used to encode these top-level constituents:

- `<form>` groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword.
- `<gramGrp>` groups morpho-syntactic information about a lexical item, e.g. `<pos>` , `<gen>` , `<number>` , `<case>` , or `<itype>` (inflectional class).
- `<def>` contains definition text in a dictionary entry.
- `<trans>` contains translation text and related information (within an entry in a multilingual dictionary).
- `<eg>` (in a dictionary) contains an example text containing at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described; examples may be quoted from (named) authors or contrived.
- `<usg>` contains usage information in a dictionary entry.
- `<xr>` contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text.
- `<etym>` encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry.
- `<re>` contains a dictionary entry for a lexical item related to the headword, such as a compound phrase or derived form, embedded inside a larger entry.
- `<note>` contains a note or annotation.

In a simple entry with no internal hierarchy, all top-level constituents appear at the `<entry>` level. [ see note 68 ] `` com.peti.tor `/k@m"petit@(r)/` n person who competes. [OALD] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>competitor</orth>
        <hyph>com|peti|tor</hyph>
        <pron>k@m"petit@(r)</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <pos>n</pos>
      </gramGrp>
      <def>person who competes.</def>
    </entry>

For the elements which appear within the `<form>` and `<gramGrp>` elements of this example, see below, section 12.3.1 , and section 12.3.2 .

As mentioned above, any top-level constituent can appear at any level when the hierarchical structure of the entry is more complex. The most obvious examples are `<def>` and `<trans>` , which appear at the `<sense>` level when several senses or translations exist: `` disproof `(dIs"pru:f)` n. 1. facts that disprove something. 2. the act of disproving. [CED] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>disproof</orth>
        <pron>dIs"pru:f</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp><pos>n</></gramGrp>
      <sense n='1'><def>facts that disprove something.</def></sense>
      <sense n='2'><def>the act of disproving.</def></sense>
    </entry>

In the following example, `<gramGrp>` is used to distinguish two homographs: `` bray `/breI/` n cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. [squf ] vt [VP2A] make a cry or sound of this kind. [OALD] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>bray</orth>
        <pron>breI</pron>
      </form>
      <hom>
        <gramGrp><pos>n</pos></gramGrp>
        <def>cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet.</def>
      </hom>
      <hom>
        <gramGrp>
          <pos>vt</pos>
          <subc>VP2A</subc>
        </gramGrp>
        <def>make a cry or sound of this kind.</def>
      </hom>
    </entry>

Information of the same kind can appear at different levels within the same entry; here, grammatical information occurs both at entry and homograph level. `` ca.reen `/k@"ri:n/` vt,vi 1 [VP6A] turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc. 2 [VP6A, 2A] (cause to) tilt, lean over to one side. [OALD] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>careen</orth>
        <hyph>ca|reen</hyph>
        <pron>k@"ri:n</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <pos>vt</pos>
        <pos>vi</pos>
      </gramGrp>
      <sense n='1'>
        <gramGrp><subc>VP6A</subc></gramGrp>
        <def>turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning,
             repairing, etc.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>
        <gramGrp>
          <subc>VP6A</subc>
          <subc>VP2A</subc>
        </gramGrp>
        <def>(cause to) tilt, lean over to one side.</def>
      </sense>
    </entry>

Alone among the constituent groups, `<form>` can appear at the `<superEntry>` level as well as at the `<entry>` , `<hom>` , and `<sense>` levels: `` a.ban.don 1 `/@"b&nd@n/` v [T1] 1 to leave completely and for ever; desert: The sailors abandoned the burning ship. 2 ... abandon 2 n [U] the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control: The people were so excited that they jumped and shouted with abandon / in gay abandon. [LDOCE] ''

    <superEntry>
      <form>
        <orth>abandon</orth>
        <hyph>a|ban|don</hyph>
        <pron>@"b&nd@n</pron>
      </form>
      <entry n='1'>
        <gramGrp> <pos>v</pos> <subc>T1</subc> </gramGrp>
        <sense n='1'><def>to leave completely and for ever ...</def>
          <!-- ... -->
        </sense>
        <sense n='2'>
          <!-- ... -->
        </sense>
      </entry>
      <entry n='2'>
        <gramGrp> <pos>n/pos> <subc>U</subc> </gramGrp>
        <def>the state when one's feelings and actions are
                uncontrolled; freedom from control</def>
        <!-- ... -->
      </entry>
    </superEntry>

The class of top-level constituents for dictionary entries is defined by the following DTD fragment:

    <!-- 12.2.2: Class for top-level structure of dictionary      -->
    <!-- entries                                                  -->
    <!ENTITY % x.dictionaryTopLevel ''                              >
    <!ENTITY % m.dictionaryTopLevel '%x.dictionaryTopLevel def | eg
               | etym | form | gramGrp | note | re | trans | usg |
               xr'                                                  >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

The individual constituents are declared below, each in the section which documents it in more detail.

## 12.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries

This section describes the top-level constituents of dictionary entries, together with the phrase-level constituents peculiar to each.

- the `<form>` element, which groups orthographic information and pronunciations, is described in section 12.3.1
- the `<gramGrp>` element, which groups elements for the grammatical characterization of the headword, is described in section 12.3.2
- the `<def>` and `<trans>` elements, which describe the meaning of the headword, are described in section 12.3.3
- the `<etym>` element and its special phrase-level elements are documented in section 12.3.4
- the `<eg>` , `<usg>` , `<lbl>` , `<xr>` , and `<note>` elements are described in section 12.3.5
- the `<re>` element, which marks nested entries for related words, is described in section 12.3.1

### 12.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms

Dictionary entries most often begin with information about the form of the word to which the entry applies. Typically, the orthographic form of the word, sometimes marked for syllabification, is the first item in an entry. Other information about the word, including variant or alternate forms, inflected forms, pronunciation, etc., is also often given.

The following elements should be used to encode this information: the `<form>` element groups one or more occurrences of any of the others; it can also be recursively nested to reflect more complex sub-grouping of information about word form(s), as shown in the examples.

- `<form>` groups all the information on the written and spoken forms of one headword. Attributes include:
  - `type` classifies form as simple, compound, etc. Suggested values include:
    - inflected word in other than usual dictionary form
    - lemma the headword itself
    - phrase multiple-word lexical item
    - simple single free lexical item
    - variant a variant form
    - derivative word derived from headword
    - compound word formed from simple lexical items
- `<orth>` gives the orthographic form of a dictionary headword. Attributes include:
  - `type` gives the type of spelling.
  - `extent` gives the extent of the orthographic information provided. Sample values include:
    - suff suffix
    - pref prefix
    - part partial
    - full full form
- `<pron>` contains the pronunciation(s) of the word. Attributes include:
  - `extent` indicates whether the pronunciation is for whole word or part. Sample values include:
    - suff suffix
    - pref prefix
    - part partial
    - full full form
- `<hyph>` contains a hyphenated form of a dictionary headword, or hyphenation information in some other form.
- `<syll>` contains the syllabification of the headword.
- `<stress>` contains the stress pattern for a dictionary headword, if given separately.
- `<lbl>` in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. ``abbreviation for'', ``contraction of'', ``literally'', ``approximately'', ``synonyms:'', etc.

In addition to those listed above, the following elements, which encode morphological details of the form, may also occur within `<form>` elements:

- `<gram>` within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form. Attributes include:
  - `type` classifies the grammatical information given according to some convenient typology --- in the case of terminological information, preferably the dictionary of data element types specified in ISO WD 12 620. Sample values include:
    - pos part of speech (any of the word classes to which a word may be assigned in a given language, based on form, meaning, or a combination of features, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.)
    - num number (e.g. singular, plural, dual, ...)
    - proper proper noun or common noun
    - gen gender (formal classification by which nouns and pronouns, and often accompanying modifiers, are grouped and inflected, or changed in form, so as to control certain syntactic relationships)
    - animate animate or inanimate
- `<gen>` identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary.
- `<number>` indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary.
- `<case>` contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form.
- `<per>` contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2d, 3d, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.
- `<tns>` indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.
- `<mood>` contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. ``indicative'', ``subjunctive'', ``imperative'')
- `<itype>` indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item. Attributes include:
  - `type` indicates the type of indicator used to specify the inflection class, when it is necessary to distinguish between the usual abbreviated indications (e.g. ``inv'') and other kinds of indicators, such as special codes referring to conjugation patterns, etc. Sample values include:
    - abbrev abbreviated indicator
    - verb table coded reference to a table of verbs

Of these, the `<gram>` element is most general, and all of the others are synonymous with `<gram>` elements with appropriate values (`gen, number, case` , etc.) for the `type` attribute.

Different dictionaries use different means to mark hyphenation, syllabification, and stress, and they often use special symbols (e.g., the `middle dot' for hyphenation). Many of these symbols are defined as entities within standard ISO entity sets (see chapter 37 ; others may require the definition of new entities. For pronunciation transcriptions, the user is referred to the discussion of TEI definitions for the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet, in chapter 37 . When alternative or additional symbols are used in the encoding, the conventions used should be fully documented in the header. (This may occur, for instance, in cases where pronunciations are not given at all in the original, but are added in the encoded text, when a simplified pronunciation transcription is used, when pronunciations in several dictionaries are normalized to a single scheme, or when pronunciation symbols are transliterated into a standard character set like ISO 646, as in the scheme used by the OALD and by some examples here.)

Among the ISO entity sets most likely to be useful in the transcription of form information are:

- ISOlat1 (Latin characters and diacritics for Western European languages)
- ISOlat2 (Eastern European languages)
- ISOpub (miscellaneous publishing and special symbols)
- ISOnum (numeric and related symbols)

In the simplest case, nothing is given but the orthography:

    <form>
      <orth>doom-laden</orth>
    </form>
    <!-- [CED] -->

Often, however, pronunciation is given. ``soucoupe [sukup] ... [DNT]''

    <form>
      <orth>soucoupe</orth>
      <pron>sukup</pron>
    </form>

For a variety of reasons including ease of processing, it may be desired to split into separate elements information which is collapsed into a single element in the source text; orthography and hyphenation may for example be transcribed as separate elements, although given together in the source text. For a discussion of the issues involved, and of methods for retaining both the presentation form and the interpreted form, see section 12.5 .

This example splits orthography and hyphenation, and adds syllabification because it differs from hyphenation: ``ar.ea ... [W7]''

    <form>
       <orth>area</orth>
       <hyph>ar|ea</hyph>
       <syll>ar|e|a</syll>
    </form>

Multiple orthographic forms may be given, e.g. to illustrate a word's inflectional pattern: ``brag ... vb. brags, bragging, bragged ... [CED]''

    <form>
      <orth>brag</orth>
      <pron>br&g</pron>
    </form>
    <gramGrp>
      <pos>vb</pos>
    </gramGrp>
    <form type=infl>
      <orth>brags</orth>
      <orth>bragging</orth>
      <orth>bragged</orth>
    </form>
    <!-- ... -->

Or the inflectional pattern may be indicated by reference to a table of paradigms, as here: `` horrifier `[ORifje]` (7) vt ... [C/R] ''

    <form>
      <orth>horrifier</orth>
      <pron>ORifje</pron>
      <itype type=vbtable>7</itype>
    </form>

As noted, `<itype>` etc. are synonymous with appropriately typed instances of the general `<gram>` element; the last example might equally be tagged thus:

    <form>
      <orth>horrifier</orth>
      <pron>ORifje</pron>
      <gram type='itype / vbtable'>7</gram>
    </form>

Explanatory labels may be attached to alternate forms: `` MTBF abbrev. for mean time between failures. [CED]''

    <entry>
      <form type=abbrev>
        <orth>MTBF</orth>
      </form>
      <form type=full>
        <lbl>abbrev. for</lbl>
        <orth>mean time between failures</orth>
      </form>
    </entry>

When multiple orthographic forms are given, a pronunciation may be associated with all of them, as here: ``biryani or biriani `(%bIrI"A:nI)` ... [CED]''

    <!-- The pronunciation is associated with both forms. -->
    <form>
      <orth>biryani</orth>
      <orth>biriani</orth>
      <pron>%bIrI"A:nI</pron>
    </form>

In other cases, different pronunciations are provided for different orthographic forms; here, the `<form>` element is repeated to associate the first orthographic form explicitly with the first pronunciation, and the second orthographic form with the second pronunciation: `` mackle `("m&k^@l)` or macule `("m&kju:l)` ... [CED] ''

    <!-- &supschwa is a small superscript schwa -->
    <form>
      <orth>mackle</orth>
      <pron>"m&k&supschwa;l</pron>
    </form>
    <form>
      <orth>macule</orth>
      <pron>"m&kju:l</pron>
    </form>

Recursive nesting of the `<form>` element can preserve relations among elements that are implicit in the text. For example, in the CED entry for ``hospitaller'', it is clear that ``U.S.'' is associated only with ``hospitaler'', but that the pronunciation applies to both forms. The following encoding preserves these relations: `` hospitaller or U.S. hospitaler `("hQspIt@l@)` ... [CED] ''

    <form>
      <orth>hospitaller</orth>
      <form>
        <usg type=geo>U.S.</usg>
        <orth>hospitaler</orth>
      </form>
      <pron>"hQspIt@l@</pron>
    </form>

The formal declarations for the elements of the `<form>` group are these:

    <!-- 12.3.1:  The form group                                  -->
    <!ELEMENT form          - -  (%m.formInfo | %paraContent)+      >
    <!ATTLIST form               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT orth          - O  (%paraContent)                     >
    <!ATTLIST orth               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              extent             CDATA               full
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT pron          - O  (%paraContent)                     >
    <!ATTLIST pron               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              notation           CDATA               #IMPLIED
              extent             CDATA               full           >
    <!ELEMENT hyph          - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST hyph               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT syll          - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST syll               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT stress        - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST stress             %a.global;                         >
    <!-- (LBL is declared with USG, elsewhere.)                   -->

    <!-- Elements for morphological information:                  -->

    <!ELEMENT gram          - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST gram               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT gen           - -  (%paraContent)                     >
    <!ATTLIST gen                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT number        - -  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST number             %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT case          - -  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST case               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT per           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST per                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT tns           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST tns                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT mood          - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST mood               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT itype         - -  (%paraContent)                     >
    <!ATTLIST itype              %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

The classes of morphological elements, and of elements allowed within the `<form>` group, are declared thus:

    <!-- 12.3.1:  Classes for morphological and form information  -->
    <!ENTITY % x.morphInfo ''                                       >
    <!ENTITY % m.morphInfo '%x.morphInfo case | gen | gram | itype
               | mood | number | per | tns'                         >
    <!ENTITY % x.formInfo ''                                        >
    <!ENTITY % m.formInfo '%x.formInfo %m.morphInfo; | form | hyph
               | lbl | orth | pron | syll | usg'                    >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

### 12.3.2 Grammatical Information

The `<gramGrp>` element groups grammatical information, such as part of speech, subcategorization information (e.g., syntactic patterns for verbs, count/mass distinctions for nouns), etc. It can contain any of the following elements:

- `<pos>` indicates the part of speech assigned to a dictionary headword (noun, verb, adjective, etc.)
- `<subc>` contains subcategorization information (transitive/intransitive, countable/non-count, etc.)
- `<colloc>` contains a collocate of the headword.

In addition, `<gramGrp>` can contain any of the morphological elements defined in section 12.3.1 for `<form>` :

- `<gram>` within an entry in a dictionary or a terminological data file, contains grammatical information relating to a term, word, or form.
- `<itype>` indicates the inflectional class associated with a lexical item.
- `<gen>` identifies the morphological gender of a lexical item, as given in the dictionary.
- `<number>` indicates grammatical number associated with a form, as given in a dictionary.
- `<case>` contains grammatical case information given by a dictionary for a given form.
- `<per>` contains an indication of the grammatical person (1st, 2d, 3d, etc.) associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.
- `<tns>` indicates the grammatical tense associated with a given inflected form in a dictionary.
- `<mood>` contains information about the grammatical mood of verbs (e.g. ``indicative'', ``subjunctive'', ``imperative'')

Elements conveying morphological information bear different interpretations within `<gramGrp>` and `<form>` groups, the difference being that in the `<form>` group, the morphological information specified pertains to the specific alternate form in question, while within `<gramGrp>` it applies to the headword form. For example, in the entry ``pinna ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas'' [CED], the word defined can be either singular or plural; the ``pl.'' specification applies only to the inflected forms provided. Compare this with ``pants (paents) pl. n.'', where ``pl.'' applies to the headword itself.

As noted above in section 12.3.1 , the elements for morphological information are simply shorthand for the general purpose `<gram>` element. Consider this entry for the French word `m[eacute]dire': ``m[eacute]dire v.t. ind. (de) ... [PLC]'' This entry can be tagged using specialized grammatical elements:

    <form><orth>médire</orth></form>
    <gramGrp>
       <pos>v</pos>
       <subc>t ind</subc>
       <colloc type=prep>de</colloc>
    </gramGrp>

Or using the `<gram>` element:

    <form><orth>médire</orth></form>
    <gramGrp>
       <gram type=pos>v</>
       <gram type=subc>t ind</>
       <gram type='colloc / prep'>de</>
    </gramGrp>

Like `<form>` , `<gramGrp>` can be repeated, recursively nested, or used at the `<sense>` level to show relations among elements. ``isotope adj. et n. m. ... [DNT]''

    <form><orth>isotope</orth></form>
    <gramGrp>
       <pos>adj</pos>
    </gramGrp>
    <gramGrp>
       <pos>n</pos>
       <gen>m</gen>
    </gramGrp>

`` wits (wIts) pl. n. 1. (sometimes sing.) the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly... [CED] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>wits</orth>
        <pron>wIts</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <number>pl</number>
        <pos>n</pos>
      </gramGrp>
      <sense n='1'>
        <gramGrp>
          <number>sometimes sing</number>
        </gramGrp>
        <def>the ability to reason and act, esp. quickly...</def>
        <!-- ... -->
      </sense>
    </entry>

The following gives the formal declarations for elements in the grammatical-information group.

    <!-- 12.3.2:  The gram group                                  -->
    <!ELEMENT gramGrp       - -  (%m.gramInfo | %paraContent)*      >
    <!ATTLIST gramGrp            %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT pos           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST pos                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT subc          - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST subc               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT colloc        - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST colloc             %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

The class of elements allowed within the `<gramGrp>` element is declared thus. The class morphInfo is defined above in section 12.3.1 .

    <!-- 12.3.2:  Elements for grammatical information            -->
    <!ENTITY % x.gramInfo ''                                        >
    <!ENTITY % m.gramInfo '%x.gramInfo %m.morphInfo; | colloc |
               gramGrp | lbl | pos | subc | usg'                    >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

### 12.3.3 Sense Information

Dictionaries may describe the meanings of words in a wide variety of different ways --- by means of synonyms, paraphrases, translations into other languages, formal definitions in various highly stylized forms, etc. No attempt is made here to distinguish all the different forms which sense information may take; all alike may be tagged using the `<def>` element described in section 12.3.3.1 .

Because as a special case it is frequently desired to distinguish the provision of translation equivalents in other languages from other forms of sense information, however, the specialized elements `<tr>` (translation equivalent) and `<trans>` (which groups a translation equivalent with related information such as its grammatical description) are defined for this purpose in section 12.3.3.2 .

Whether sense information in multilingual dictionaries is consistently tagged using `<tr>` or `<def>` is a matter of the encoder's choice; no blanket recommendation is made here.

#### 12.3.3.1 Definitions

Dictionary definitions are those pieces of prose in a dictionary entry that describe the meaning of some lexical item. Most often, definitions describe the headword of the entry; in some cases, they describe translated texts, examples, etc.; see `<tr>` , section 12.3.3.2 , and `<eg>` , section 12.3.5.1 . The `<def>` element directly contains the text of the definition; unlike `<form>` and `<gramGrp>` , that is, it does not serve solely to group a set of smaller elements. The close analysis of definition text, such as the tagging of hypernyms, typical objects, etc., is not covered by these Guidelines.

Definitions may occur directly within an entry; when multiple definitions are given, they typically are identified as belonging to distinct senses, as here: `` demigod (...) n. 1.a. a being who is part mortal, part god. b. a lesser deity. 2. a godlike person. [CP] ''

    <entry>
    <form>
       <orth>demigod</orth>
       <pron> ...</pron></form>
    <gramGrp><pos>n</pos></gramGrp>
    <sense n='1'>
       <sense n='a'>
          <def>a being who is part mortal, part god.</def>
       </sense>
       <sense n='b'>
          <def>a lesser deity.</def>
       </sense>
    </sense>
    <sense n='2'>
       <def>a godlike person.</def>
    </sense>
    </entry>

In multilingual dictionaries, it is sometimes possible to distinguish translation equivalents from definitions proper; here a `<def>` element is distinguished from the translation information within which it appears. `` r[eacute]moulade `[Remulad]` nf remoulade, r[eacute]moulade (dressing containing mustard and herbs). [C/R]''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>rémoulade</orth>
        <pron>Remulad</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <pos>n</pos>
        <gen>f</gen>
      </gramGrp>
      <trans>
        <tr>remoulade</tr>
        <tr>rémoulade</tr>
        <def>dressing containing mustard and herbs</def>
      </trans>
    </entry>

The following gives the formal definition of `<def>` :

    <!-- 12.3.3.1:  Definition text                               -->
    <!ELEMENT def           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST def                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

#### 12.3.3.2 Translation Equivalents

Multi-lingual dictionaries contain information about translations of a given word in some source language for one or more target languages. Minimally, the dictionary provides the corresponding translation in the target language; other information, such as morphological information (gender, case), various kinds of usage restrictions, etc., may also be given. If translation equivalents are to be distinguished from other kinds of sense information, they may be encoded using the `<tr>` element.

As in monolingual dictionaries, the `<sense>` element is used in multi-lingual dictionaries to group information (forms, grammatical information, usage, translation(s), etc.) about a given sense of a word where necessary, as in monolingual dictionaries. Information about the individual translation equivalents within a sense is grouped using `<trans>` element. This information may include the translation text (tagged `<tr>` or `<def>` ), morphological information (`<gen>` , `<case>` , etc.), usage notes (`<usg>` ), translation labels (`<lbl>` ), and definitions (`<def>` ).

- `<trans>` contains translation text and related information (within an entry in a multilingual dictionary).
- `<tr>` contains a translation of the headword or an example.
- `<lbl>` in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. ``abbreviation for'', ``contraction of'', ``literally'', ``approximately'', ``synonyms:'', etc.

Note how in the following example, different translation equivalents are grouped into the same or different senses, following the punctuation of the source and the usage labels: `` dresser ... (a) (Theat) habilleur m, -euse f; (Comm: window ~) [eacute]talagiste mf. she's a stylish ~ elle s'habille avec chic; V hair. (b) (tool) (for wood) raboteuse f; (for stone) rabotin m. [C/R] ''

    <entry n='1'>
      <form><orth>dresser</orth><!-- ... --></form>
      <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp>
      <sense n='a'>
        <sense>
          <usg type=dom>Theat</usg>
          <trans>
            <tr>habilleur</tr>
            <gen>m</gen>
          </trans>
          <trans>
            <tr>-euse</tr>
            <gen>f</gen>
          </trans>
        </sense>
        <sense>
          <usg type=dom>Comm</usg>
          <form type=compound>
            <orth>window <oRef></orth>
          </form>
          <trans>
            <tr>etalagiste</tr>
            <gen>mf</gen>
          </trans>
         </sense>
         <eg>
           <q>she's a stylish <oRef></q>
           <trans><tr>elle s'habille avec chic</tr></trans>
         </eg>
         <xr type=see>V. <ref target=hair>hair</ref></xr>
      </sense>
      <sense n='b'>
        <usg type=category>tool</usg>
        <sense>
          <usg type=hint>for wood</usg>
          <trans>
            <tr>raboteuse</tr>
            <gen>f</gen>
          </trans>
        </sense>
        <sense>
          <usg type=hint>for stone</usg>
          <trans>
            <tr>rabotin</tr>
            <gen>m</gen>
         </trans>
        </sense>
      </sense>
    </entry>

In this encoding, a distinction is made between the translation equivalent (``OAS'') and a descriptive phrase providing further information for the user of the dictionary. `` O.A.S. ... nf (abr[eacute]v de Organisation de l'Arm[eacute]e secr[egrave]te) OAS (illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria). [C/R] ''

    <entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      <trans>
        <tr>OAS</tr>
        <def>illegal military organization supporting French
             rule of Algeria</def>
      </trans>
    </entry>

Note that `<tr>` may also be used in monolingual dictionaries when a translation is given for a foreign word: `` havdalah or havdoloh Hebrew. (Hebrew `hAvdA"lA;` Yiddish `hAv"dOl@)` n. Judaism. the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices. [literally: separation] [CED] ''

    <entry type=foreign>
      <form>
        <orth>havdalah</orth>
        <orth>havdoloh</orth>
      </form>
      <!-- ... -->
      <usg type=dom>Judaism</usg>
      <def>the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival,
           including the blessings over wine, candles and spices.</def>
      <trans>
        <lbl>literally</lbl>
        <tr>separation</tr>
      </trans>
    </entry>

The formal definition of these elements is as follows:

    <!-- 12.3.3.2:  Translation information                       -->
    <!ELEMENT trans         - O  (%paraContent |
                                 %m.dictionaryParts)*               >
    <!ATTLIST trans              %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT tr            - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST tr                 %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

### 12.3.4 Etymological Information

The element `<etym>` marks a block of etymological information. Etymologies may contain highly structured lists of words in an order indicating their descent from each other, but often also include related words and forms outside the direct line of descent, for comparison. Not infrequently, etymologies include commentary of various sorts, and can grow into short (or long!) essays with prose-like structure. This variation in structure makes it impracticable to define tags which capture the entire intellectual structure of the etymology or record the precise interrelation of all the words mentioned. It is, however, feasible to mark some of the more obvious phrase-level elements frequently found in etymologies, using tags defined in the core tag set or elsewhere in this chapter. Of particular relevance for the markup of etymologies are:

- `<etym>` encloses the etymological information in a dictionary entry.
- `<lang>` name of a language mentioned in etymological or other linguistic discussion.
- `<date>` contains a date in any format.
- `<mentioned>` marks words or phrases mentioned, not used.
- `<gloss>` identifies a phrase or word used to provide a gloss or definition for some other word or phrase.
- `<pron>` contains the pronunciation(s) of the word.
- `<usg>` contains usage information in a dictionary entry.
- `<lbl>` in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. ``abbreviation for'', ``contraction of'', ``literally'', ``approximately'', ``synonyms:'', etc.

As in other prose, individual word forms mentioned in an etymological description are tagged with `<mentioned>` elements. Pronunciations, usage labels, and glosses can be tagged using the `<pron>` , `<usg>` , and `<gloss>` elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines. In addition, the `<lang>` element may be used to identify a particular language name where it appears, in addition to using the `lang` attribute of the `<mentioned>` element.

Examples: `` abismo m. (del gr. a priv. y byssos, fondo). Sima, gran profundidad. ... ''

    <entry>
      <form><orth>abismo</orth></form>
      <!-- ... -->
      <etym>del <lang>gr.</> <mentioned>a</> priv. y
           <mentioned>byssos</>, <gloss>fondo</>
      </etym>
      <!-- ... -->
    </entry>

`` neume `\'n(y)[uuml ]m\` n [F, fr. ML pneuma, neuma, fr. Gk pneuma breath --- more at pneumatic]: any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant ... [WNC]''

    <entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      <etym><lang>F</> fr. <lang>ML</> <mentioned>pneuma</>
            <mentioned>neuma</> fr. <lang>Gk</>
            <mentioned>pneuma</><gloss>breath</>
            <xr type=etym>more at <ptr target='pneumatic'></xr>
      </etym>
      <def>any of various symbols ...
      <!-- ... -->
    </entry>

The formal definition for the elements described in this section and not declared elsewhere is:

    <!-- 12.3.4:  Etymologies                                     -->
    <!ELEMENT etym          - O  (%paraContent | usg | lbl | def |
                                 trans | tr | (%m.morphInfo) | eg |
                                 xr)*                               >
    <!ATTLIST etym               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!ELEMENT lang          - -  (%paraContent)                     >
    <!ATTLIST lang               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

### 12.3.5 Other Information

#### 12.3.5.1 Examples

Dictionaries typically include examples of word use, usually accompanying definitions or translations. In some cases, the examples are quotations from another source, and are occasionally followed by a citation to the author.

The `<eg>` element contains usage examples and associated information; the example text itself should be enclosed in a `<cit>` element, if attributed, or a `<q>` or `<quote>` element otherwise. The `<cit>` element associates a quotation with a bibliographic reference to its source.

- `<eg>` (in a dictionary) contains an example text containing at least one occurrence of the word form, used in the sense being described; examples may be quoted from (named) authors or contrived.
- `<q>` contains a quotation or apparent quotation --- a representation of speech or thought marked as being quoted from someone else (whether in fact quoted or not); in narrative, the words are usually those of of a character or speaker; in dictionaries, `<q>` may be used to mark real or contrived examples of usage.
- `<quote>` contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or author to some agency external to the text.
- `<cit>` A quotation from some other document, together with a bibliographic reference to its source.

Examples frequently abbreviate the headword, and so their transcription will frequently make use of the `<oRef>` or `<oVar>` elements described below in section 12.4 .

Examples: `` multiplex `/.../` adj tech having many parts: the multiplex eye of the fly. [LDOCE]''

       <eg>
         <q>the multiplex eye of the fly.</q>
       </eg>

As the following example shows, `<eg>` can also contain elements such as `<pron>` , `<def>` , etc. `` some ... 4. (S~ and any are used with more): Give me ~ more `/s@'mO:(r)/` [OALD] ''

    <sense n='4'>
      <usg type=colloc><oRef type=cap> and <mentioned>any</>
           are used with <mentioned>more</></usg>
      <eg>
        <q>Give me <oRef> more</q>
        <pron extent=part>s@'mO:(r)</pron>
      </eg>
    </sense>

In multilingual dictionaries, examples may also be accompanied by translations: `` horrifier ... vt to horrify. elle [eacute]tait horrifi[eacute]e par la d[eacute]pense she was horrified at the expense. [C/R] ''

    <entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      <trans><tr>to horrify</tr></trans>
      <eg><q>elle était horrifiée par la
             dépense</q>
          <trans>
            <tr>she was horrified at the expense.</tr>
          </trans>
      </eg>
    </entry>

When a source is indicated, the example should be marked with a `<cit>` element: `` valeur ... n. f. ... 2. Vx. Vaillance, bravoure (sp[eacute]cial., au combat). ``La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des ann[eacute]es'' (Corneille). ... [DNT]''

      <sense n='2'>
        <usg type=time>Vx.</usg>
        <def>Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat)</def>
          <eg><cit>
                <q>La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des annees</q>
                <bibl><author>Corneille</author></bibl>
              </cit>
          </eg>
      </sense>

The formal definition of `<eg>` is:

    <!-- 12.3.5.1:  Examples and citations                        -->
    <!ELEMENT eg            - O  (q | quote | cit)+
                                                     +(%m.dictionaryParts
                                                     |
                                                     %m.formPointers)
                                                                    >
    <!ATTLIST eg                 %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;                   >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

#### 12.3.5.2 Usage Information and Other Labels

Most dictionaries provide restrictive labels and phrases indicating the usage of given words or particular senses. Other labels, not necessarily related to usage, may be attached to forms, translations, cross references, and examples. Usage and other labels should be marked with the following elements:

- `<usg>` contains usage information in a dictionary entry.
- `<lbl>` in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. ``abbreviation for'', ``contraction of'', ``literally'', ``approximately'', ``synonyms:'', etc.

Typical usage labels mark

- temporal use (archaic, obsolete, etc.)
- register (slang, formal, taboo, ironic, facetious, etc.)
- style (literal, figurative, etc.)
- connotative effect (e.g. derogatory, offensive)
- subject field (Astronomy, Philosophy, etc.)
- national or regional use (Australian, U.S., Midland dialect, etc.)

Many dictionaries provide an explanation and/or a list of such usage labels in a preface or appendix. The type of the usage information may be indicated in the `type` attribute on the `<usg>` element. Some typical values are:

- `geo` geographic area
- `time` temporal, historical era (``archaic'', ``old'', etc.)
- `dom` domain
- `reg` register
- `style` style (figurative, literal, etc.)
- `plev` preference level (``chiefly'', ``usually'', etc.)
- `acc` acceptability
- `lang` language for foreign words, spellings pronunciations, etc.
- `gram` grammatical usage

In addition to this kind of information, multilingual dictionaries often provide `semantic cues' to help the user determine the right sense of a word in the source language (and hence the correct translation). These include synonyms, concept subdivisions, typical subjects and objects, typical verb complements, etc. These labels are also marked with the `<usg>` element; sample values for the `type` attribute in these cases include:

- `syn` synonym given to show use
- `hyper` hypernym given to show usage
- `colloc` collocation given to show usage
- `comp` typical complement
- `obj` typical object
- `subj` typical subject
- `verb` typical verb
- `hint` unclassifiable piece of information to guide sense choice

In this entry, one spelling is marked as geographically restricted: `` colour or U.S. color ... [CED] ''

    <form>
       <orth>colour</orth>
    </form>
    <form>
       <usg type=geo>U.S.<usg>
       <orth>color</orth>
    </form>

In this example, usage labels are used to indicate domains, register, and synonyms associated with different senses: `` palette `[palEt]` nf (a) (Peinture: lit, fig) palette. (b) (Boucherie) shoulder. (c) (aube de roue) paddle; (battoir [agrave] linge) beetle; (Manutention, Constr) pallet. [C/R] ''

    <!-- ... -->
      <sense n='a'>
        <usg type=dom>Peinture</usg>
        <usg type=style>lit</usg>
        <usg type=style>fig</usg>
        <trans><tr>palette</tr></trans>
      </sense>
      <sense n='b'>
        <usg type=dom>Boucherie</usg>
        <trans><tr>shoulder</tr></trans>
      </sense>
      <sense n='c'>
        <sense>
          <usg type=syn>aube de roue</usg>
          <trans><tr>paddle</tr></trans>
        </sense>
        <sense>
          <usg type=syn>battoir à linge</usg>
          <trans><tr>beetle</tr></trans>
        </sense>
        <sense>
          <usg type=dom>Manutention</usg>
          <usg type=dom>Constr</usg>
          <trans><tr>beetle</tr></trans>
        </sense>
      </sense>
    <!-- ... -->

When the usage label is hard to classify, it may be described as a ``hint'': `` rempaillage [...] nm reseating, rebottoming (with straw). [C/R] ''

    <entry>
      <!-- ... -->
      <trans>
        <tr>reseating</tr>
        <tr>rebottoming</tr>
        <usg type=hint>with straw</usg>
      </trans>
    </entry>

The following gives the formal definition of `<usg>` and `<lbl>` :

    <!-- 12.3.5.2:  Usage information                             -->
    <!ELEMENT usg           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST usg                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT lbl           - O  (%paraContent;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST lbl                %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

#### 12.3.5.3 Cross References to Other Entries

Dictionary entries frequently refer to information in other entries, often using extremely dense notations to convey the headword of the entry to be sought, the particular part of the entry being referred to, and the nature of the information to be sought there (synonyms, antonyms, usage notes, etymology, an illustration, etc.)

Cross references may be tagged in dictionaries using the simple `<ref>` and `<ptr>` elements defined in the core tag set (section 6.6 ), or the `extended' pointing elements `<xref>` and `<xptr>` defined in the additional tag set for linking, segmentation, and alignment (section 14.2 ). In addition, the `<xr>` element may be used to group all the information relating to a cross reference. The following elements may be used for tagging cross references within dictionaries:

- `<xr>` contains a phrase, sentence, or icon referring the reader to some other location in this or another text.
- `<ref>` defines a reference to another location in the current document, in terms of one or more identifiable elements, possibly modified by additional text or comment.
- `<ptr>` defines a pointer to another location in the current document in terms of one or more identifiable elements.
- `<xref>` defines a reference to another location in the current document, or an external document, using an extended pointer notation, possibly modified by additional text or comment.
- `<xptr>` defines a pointer to another location in the current document or an external document.
- `<lbl>` in dictionaries, contains a label for a form, example, translation, or other piece of information, e.g. ``abbreviation for'', ``contraction of'', ``literally'', ``approximately'', ``synonyms:'', etc.

As in other types of text, the actual pointing element (e.g. `<ref>` or `<ptr>` ) is used to tag the cross-reference target proper (in dictionaries, usually the headword, possibly accompanyied by a homograph number, a sense number, or other further restriction specifiying what portion of the target entry is being referred to); as usual, a `<ptr>` element may be used when the actual text of the target description can be reconstructed automatically, and a `<ref>` element is typically to be preferred when it cannot be reconstructed automatically. The `<xr>` element is used to group the target with any accompanying phrases or symbols used to label the cross reference; the cross reference label itself may be tagged as a `<lbl>` or may remain untagged. Both of the following are thus legitimate: `` glee ... Compare madrigal (sense 1) [CED] ''

    <entry><form><orth>glee</></>
      <!-- ... -->
      <xr>Compare <ptr target='madrigal.1'></xr>
    </entry>

`` hostellerie Syn. de h[ocirc ]tellerie (sens 1). [DNT] ''

    <xr type=syn>
      <lbl>Syn. de</lbl> <ref>hôtellerie (sens 1)</ref>.
    </xr>

In addition to using, or not using, `<lbl>` to mark the cross-reference label, the two examples differ in another way. The former assumes that the first sense of `madrigal' has the SGML identifier ``madrigal.1'', and that the specific form of the reference in the source volume can be reconstructed, if needed, from that information. The latter does not require the first sense of ``h[ocirc ]tellerie'' to have an SGML identifier, and retains the print form of the cross reference; by omitting the `target` attribute of the `<ref>` element, however, the second example does assume implicitly either that some software could usefully parse the phrase tagged as a `<ref>` and find the location referred to, or else that such processing will not be necessary.

The `type` attribute on the pointing element or on the `<xr>` element may be used to indicate what kind of cross reference is being made, using any convenient typology. Since different dictionaries may label the same kind of cross reference in different ways, it may be useful to give normalized indications in the `type` attribute, enabling the encoder to distinguish irregular forms of cross reference more reliably: `` rose2 ... vb. the past tense of rise. [CED] ''

    <entry type='xr, hom' n=2>
      <form><orth>rose</orth><!-- ... --></form>
      <!-- ... -->
      <xr type=pastof>
        <lbl>the past tense of</lbl>
        <ref target='rise'>rise</ref>
      </xr>
    </entry>

from cross-references for synonyms and the like: `` antagonist ... syn see adverse [W7] ''

    <xr type=syn>
      <lbl>syn see</lbl>
      <ref target='adverse'>adverse</ref>
    </xr>

Strictly speaking, this reference is not to the entry given, but to the list of synonyms it contains. Slightly more complicated is this reference to an illustration accompanying another article: `` ax, axe ... [rarr ] see the illus at tool [OALD] '' This entry refers to the illustration at the entry for `tool', not the entry itself. The `target` attribute might give the identifier of the illustration itself, or of the enclosing entry (in which case the `type` attribute might be used to infer that the reference is actually to the illustration, not the entry as a whole).

    <xr type='see illustration'>
      <lbl>see the illus at</lbl>
      <ptr target='tool.illus'>
    </xr>

In some cases, the cross reference is to a particular subset of the meanings of the entry in question: `` globe ...V. armillaire (sph[egrave]re) [PR] ''

    <xr>V. <ref target='armillaire'>armillaire</ref>
           <lbl type='sense-restriction'>sphère</lbl>
    </xr>

Cross-references occasionally occur in definition texts, example texts, etc., or may be free-standing within an entry. These may typically be encoded using `<ref>` or `<ptr>` , without an enclosing `<xr>` . For example: `` entacher ... Acte entach[eacute] de nullit[eacute], contenant un vice de forme ou pass[eacute] par un incapable*. [DNT] '' The asterisk signals a reference to the entry for `incapable'.

    <def>contenant un vice de forme ou passé
    par un <ptr target='incapable'>.</def>

In some cases, the form in the definition is inflected, and thus `<ref>` must be used, as here: `` justifier ...4. IMPRIM Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de blancs (2, sens 1, 3). [DNT] ''

    <sense n='4'>
       <usg type=dom>imprim</usg>
       <def>Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen
            de <ref target='blanc-2.1 blanc-2.3'>blancs (2, sens
            1, 3)</ref>
       </def>
    </sense>

The formal definition for `<xr>` is as follows:

    <!-- 12.3.5.3:  Cross References                              -->
    <!ELEMENT xr            - O  (%paraContent | usg | lbl)*        >
    <!ATTLIST xr                 %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

#### 12.3.5.4 Notes within Entries

Dictionaries may include extensive explanatory notes about usage, grammar, context, etc. within entries. Very often, such notes appear as a separate section at the end of an entry. The `<note>` element should be used for such material.

- `<note>` contains a note or annotation.

For example: `` ain't `(eInt)` Not standard. contraction of am not, is not, are not, have not or has not: I ain't seen it. .... [utrif ]Usage. Although the interrogative form ain't I? would be a natural contraction of am I not?, it is generally avoided in spoken English and never used in formal English. [CED] ''

    <entry>
      <form type=contr>
        <orth>ain't</orth>
        <pron>eInt</pron>
      </form>
      <usg type=reg>Not standard</usg>
      <form type=full>
        <lbl>contraction of</lbl>
        <orth>am not</orth>
        <orth>is not</orth>
        <orth>are not</orth>
        <orth>have not</orth>
        <orth>has not</orth>
      </form>
      <eg>
        <q>I ain't seen it.</q>
      </eg><!-- ... -->
      <note type=usage>
         Although the interrogative form <mentioned>ain't
         I?</> would be a natural contraction of <mentioned>am
         I not?</>, it is generally avoided in spoken English
         and never used in formal English.
      </note>
    </entry>

The formal declaration for `<note>` is given in section 6.8 . It has this form:

    <!-- 12.3.5.4:  [Note]                                        -->
    <!ELEMENT note          - O  (%specialPara;)                    >
    <!ATTLIST note               %a.analysis;
                                 %a.linking;
                                 %a.terminology;
              id                 ID                  #IMPLIED
              lang               IDREF               %INHERITED
              rend               CDATA               #IMPLIED
              target             IDREFS              #IMPLIED
              place              CDATA               'unspecified'
              targetEnd          IDREFS              #IMPLIED
              resp               CDATA               #IMPLIED
              anchored           (yes | no)          yes
              n                  CDATA               #IMPLIED
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >

### 12.3.6 Related Entries

The `<re>` element encloses a degenerate entry which appears in the body of another entry for some purpose. Many dictionaries include related entries for direct derivatives or inflected forms of the entry word, or for compound words, phrases, collocations, and idioms containing the entry word.

Related entries can be complex, and may in fact include any of the information to be found in a regular entry. Therefore, the `<re>` element is defined to contain the same elements as an `<entry>` element, with the exception that it may not contain any nested `<re>` elements.

Examples: `` bevvy `("bEvI)` Dialect. ~ n., pl. -vies. 1. a drink, esp. an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night. 2. a night of drinking. ~ vb. - vies, -vying, -vied (intr.) 3. to drink alcohol [probably from Old French vevee, buvee, drinking] --'bevvied adj. [CED] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>bevvy</orth>
        <pron>"bEvI</pron>
      </form>
      <usg type=reg>Dialect</usg>
      <hom>
        <gramGrp><pos>n</pos></gramGrp>
        <!-- ... -->
        <sense n='1'>
          <def>a drink, esp. an alcoholic one</def>
          <!-- ... -->
        </sense>
        <!-- ... -->
      </hom>
      <hom>
        <gramGrp><pos>vb</pos></gramGrp>
        <!-- ... -->
        <sense n='3'><def>to drink alcohol</def></sense>
      </hom>
      <etym>probably from <lang>Old French</lang>
           <mentioned>bevee</>, <mentioned>buvee</>
           <gloss>drinking</gloss>
      </etym>
      <re type=derived>
        <form>
          <orth>'bevvied</orth>
        </form>
        <gramGrp>
          <pos>adj</pos>
        </gramGrp>
      </re>
    </entry>

The formal definition of `<re>` is

    <!-- 12.3.6:  Related entries                                 -->
    <!ELEMENT re            - O  (#PCDATA | sense |
                                 %m.dictionaryTopLevel | %m.phrase
                                 )*
                                                     -(re)          >
    <!ATTLIST re                 %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

## 12.4 Headword and Pronunciation References

Examples, definitions, etymologies, and occasionally other elements such as cross references, orthographic forms, etc., often contain a shortened or iconic reference to the headword, rather than repeating the headword itself. The references may be to the orthographic form or to the pronunciation, to the form given or to a variant of that form. The following elements are used to encode such iconic references to a headword:

- `<oRef>` in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the orthographic form(s) of the headword. Attributes include:
  - `type` indicates the kind of typographic modification made to the headword in the reference. Sample values include:
    - nohyph indicates that the headword, though a prefix or suffix, loses its hyphen
    - cap indicates first letter is given as capital
- `<pRef>` in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to the pronunciation(s) of the headword.
- `<oVar>` in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant orthographic form(s) of the headword. Attributes include:
  - `type` indicates the kind of variant involved. Sample values include:
    - pp past participle
    - f feminine
    - pl plural
    - pt past tense
    - prp present participle
- `<pVar>` in a dictionary example, indicates a reference to variant pronunciation(s) of the headword.

As members of the class `formPointers` , all these elements share a `target` attribute, which may optionally be used to resolve any ambiguity about the headword form being referred to.

- `target` gives the SGML identifier of the orthographic form referred to.

Headword references come in a variety of formats:

- ~ indicates a reference to the full form of the headword
- pref~ gives a prefix to be affixed to the headword
- ~suf gives a suffix to be affixed to the headword
- A~ gives the first letter in upper case, indicating that the headword is capitalized
- pref~suf gives a prefix and a suffix to be affixed to the headword
- a. gives the initial of the word followed by a full stop, to indicate reference to the full form of the headword
- A. refers to a capitalized form of the headword

The `<oRef>` element should be used for iconic or shortened references to the orthographic form(s) of the headword itself. It is an empty element and replaces, rather than enclosing, the reference. Note that the reference to a headword is not necessarily a simple string replacement. In the example ``colour1, (US = color) ...~ films; ~ TV; Red, blue and yellow are ~s.'' [OALD], the tilde stands for either headword form (`colour', `color').

Examples: `` colonel ... army officer above a lieutenant-~. [OALD] ''

    <def>army officer above a lieutenant-<oRef></def>

``academy ... The Royal A~ of Arts [OALD]''

    <q>The Royal <oRef type=cap> of Arts</q>

The following example demonstrates the use of the `target` attribute to refer to a specific form of the headword: `` vag- or vago- comb form ... : vagus nerve < vagal > < vagotomy > [W7] ''

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth id=o1>vag-</orth>
        <orth id=o2>vago-</orth>
      </form>
      <!-- ... -->
      <def>vagus nerve</def>
      <eg>
        <q><oRef target=o1 type=nohyph>al</q>
        <q><oRef target=o2 type=nohyph>tomy</q>
      </eg>
    </entry>

In many cases the reference is not to the orthographic form of the headword, but rather to another form of the headword --- usually to an inflected form. In these cases, the element `<oVar>` should be used; this element takes as its content the string as it appears in the text. `` take ... < Mr Burton took us for French > [NPEG] ''

    <eg>
      <q>Mr Burton <oVar type=pt>took</oVar> us for French</q>
    </eg>

`` take ... < was quite ~n with him > [NPEG] ''

    <eg>
      <q>was quite <oVar type=pp><oRef>n</oVar> with him</q>
    </eg>

Note that, in the example above, tilde and font shift combine. The encoding

    <q>was quite <oRef>n with him</q>

would correspond to ``was quite ~n with him'' (no font shift).

The next example shows a discontinuous reference, using the attributes `next` and `prev` , which are defined in the additional tag set for linking, segmentation, and alignment (see chapter 14 ) and therefore require that that tag set be selected in addition to that for dictionaries. `` mix up... < it's easy to mix her up with her sister > [NPEG] ''

    <eg><q>it's easy to <oVar next=ov2 id=ov1>mix</oVar>
         her <oVar prev=ov1 id=ov2>up</oVar> with her
         sister</q>
    </eg>

In addition, some dictionaries make reference to the pronunciation of the headword in the pronunciation of related entries, variants, or examples. The `<pRef>` and `<pVar>` elements should be used for such references. `` hors d'oeuvre `/,aw'duhv` (Fr O:r d[oelig ]vr)/ n, pl hors d'oeuvres also hors d'oeuvre `/'duhv(z)` (Fr ~)/ [NPEG] ''

    <form>
      <orth>hors d'oeuvre</orth>
      <pron>%aU"dUv</pron>
      <form>
        <usg type=lang>Fr</usg>
        <pron id=p2>OR d0vR</pron>
      </form>
    </form>
    <!-- ... -->
    <form type=infl>
      <number>pl</number>
      <orth>hors d'oeuvres</orth>
      <orth>hors d'oeuvre</orth>
      <pron extent=part>"dUv(z)</pron>
      <form>
        <usg type=lang>Fr</usg>
        <pron><pRef target=p2></pron>
      </form>
    </form>

Because headword and pronunciaton references can occur virtually anywhere in an entry, the `<oRef>` , `<oVar>` , `<pRef>` , and `<pVar>` elements can appear within any other element defined for dictionary entries.

Since existing printed dictionaries use different conventions for headword references (swung dash, first letter abbreviated form, capitalization or italicization of the word, etc.) the exact method used should be documented in the header.

The class of headword references is defined thus:

    <!-- 12.4:  Classes for headword references                   -->
    <!ENTITY % x.formPointers ''                                    >
    <!ENTITY % m.formPointers '%x.formPointers oRef | oVar | pRef |
               pVar'                                                >
    <!ENTITY % a.formPointers '
              target             IDREF               #IMPLIED'      >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

The formal declaration for headword reference elements is:

    <!-- 12.4:  Headword references                               -->
    <!ELEMENT oRef          - O  EMPTY                              >
    <!ATTLIST oRef               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
                                 %a.formPointers;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT oVar          - -  (#PCDATA | oRef)*                  >
    <!ATTLIST oVar               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
                                 %a.formPointers;
              type               CDATA               #IMPLIED       >
    <!ELEMENT pRef          - O  EMPTY                              >
    <!ATTLIST pRef               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
                                 %a.formPointers;                   >
    <!ELEMENT pVar          - -  (#PCDATA | pRef)*                  >
    <!ATTLIST pVar               %a.global;
                                 %a.dictionaries;
                                 %a.formPointers;                   >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

## 12.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data

Among the many possible views of dictionaries, it is useful to distinguish at least the following three, which help to clarify some issues raised with particular urgency by dictionaries, on account of the complexity of both their typography and their information structure.

- (a) the typographic view, which is concerned with the two-dimensional printed page, including information about line and page breaks and other features of layout
- (b) the editorial view --- the one-dimensional sequence of tokens which can be seen as the input to the typesetting process; the wording and punctuation of the text and the sequencing of items are visible in this view, but specifics of the typographic realization are not
- (c) the lexical view --- this view includes the underlying information represented in a dictionary, without concern for its exact textual form

For example, a domain indication in a dictionary entry might be broken over a line and therefore hyphenated (``naut-'' ``ical''); the typographic view of the dictionary preserves this information. In a purely editorial view, the particular form in which the domain name is given in the particular dictionary (as ``nautical'', rather than ``naut.'', ``Naut.'', etc.) would be preserved, but the fact of the line break would not. Font shifts might plausibly be included in either a strictly typographic or an editorial view. In the lexical view, the only information preserved concerning domain would be some standard symbol or string representing the nautical domain (e.g. ``naut.'') regardless of the form in which it appears in the printed dictionary.

In practice, publishers begin with the lexical view --- i.e., lexical data as it might appear in a database --- and generate first the editorial view, which reflects editorial choices for a particular dictionary (such as the use of the abbreviation ``Naut.'' for ``nautical'', the fonts in which different types of information are to be rendered, etc.), and then the typographic view, which is tied to a specific printed rendering. Computational linguists and philologists often begin with the typographic view and analyse it to obtain the editorial and/or lexical views. Some users may ultimately be concerned with retaining only the lexical view, or they may wish to preserve the typographic or editorial views as a reference text, perhaps as a guard against the loss or misinterpretation of information in the translation process. Some researchers may wish to retain all three views, and study their interrelations, since research questions may well span all three views.

In general, an electronic encoding of a text will allow the recovery of at least one view of that text (the one which guided the encoding); if editorial and typographic practices are consistently applied in the production of a printed dictionary, or if exceptions to the rules are consistently recorded in the electronic encoding, then it is in principle possible to recover the editorial view from an encoding of the lexical view, and the typographic view from an encoding of the editorial view. In practice, of course, the severe compression of information in dictionaries, the variety of methods by which this compression is achieved, the complexity of formulating completely explicit rules for editorial and typographic practice, and the relative rarity of complete consistency in the application of such rules, all make the mechanical transformation of information from one view into another something of a vexed question.

This section describes some principles which may be useful in capturing one or the other of these views as consistently and completely as possible, and describes some methods of attempting to capture more than one view in a single encoding. Only the editorial and lexical views are explicitly treated here; for methods of recording the physical or typographic details of a text, see chapter 18 . Other approaches to these problems, such as the use of repetitive encoding and links to show their correspondences, or the use of feature structures to capture the information structure, and of the `ana` and `inst` attributes to link feature structures to a transcription of the editorial view of a dictionary, are not discussed here. (For feature structures, see chapter 16 . For linkage of textual form and underlying information, see chapter 15 .)

### 12.5.1 Editorial View

Common practice in encoding texts of all sorts relies on principles such as the following, which can be used successfully to capture the editorial view when encoding a dictionary:

1. All characters of the source text should be retained, with the possible exception of rendition text (for which see further below).
2. Characters appearing in the source text should typically be given as character data content in the SGML document, rather than as the value of an attribute; again, rendition text may optionally be excepted from this rule.
3. Apart from the characters or graphics in the source text, nothing else should appear as content in the SGML document, although it may be given in attribute values.
4. The material in the source text should appear in the encoding in the same order. Complications of the character sequence by footnotes, marginal notes, etc., text wrapping around illustrations, etc., may be dealt with by the usual means (for notes, see section 6.8 ). [ see note 69 ]

In a very conservative transcription of the editorial view of a text, rendition characters (e.g. the commas, parentheses, etc., used in dictionary entries to signal boundaries among parts of the entry) and rendition text (for example, conjunctions joining alternate headwords, etc.) are typically retained. Removing the SGML tags from such a transcription will leave all and only the characters of the source text, in their original sequence. [ see note 70 ]

Consider, for example, the following entry: ``pinna ('pIn@) n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas. 1. any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf. 2. Zoology. a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part. 3. another name for auricle (sense 2). [C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin] [CED]'' A conservative encoding of the editorial view of this entry, which retains all rendition text, might resemble the following:

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>pinna</orth>
        <pron>("pIn@)</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp><pos>n.</pos>, </gramGrp>
      <form type=infl>
        <number>pl.</number>
        <form>
          <orth type=lat extent=part>-nae</orth>
          <pron extent=part>(-ni:)</pron>
        </form>
        or
        <orth type=std extent=part>-nas</orth>
      </form>
      <sense n='1'>
        1. <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>
        2. <usg type=dom>Zoology</usg>
        <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='3'>
        3.<xr type=syn>
          <lbl>another name for</lbl>
          <ref target='auricle.2'>auricle (sense 2).</ref>
        </xr>
      </sense>
      <etym>
         [<date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</lang> from
         <lang>Latin</lang>: <gloss>wing</gloss>, <gloss>feather</gloss>,
         <gloss>fin</gloss>]
      </etym>
    </entry>

A somewhat simplified encoding of the editorial view of this entry might exploit the fact that rendition text is often systematically recoverable. For example, parentheses consistently appear around pronunciation in this dictionary, and thus are effectively implied by the start- and end-tags for `<pron>` . [ see note 71 ] In such an encoding, removing the tags should exactly reproduce the sequence of characters in the source, minus rendition text. The original character sequence can be recovered fully by replacing tags with any rendition text they imply.

Encoding in this way, the example given above might resemble the following. The `<tagUsage>` element in the header would be used to record the following patterns of rendition text:

- parentheses appear around `<pron>` elements
- commas appear before inflected forms
- the word ``or'' appears before alternate forms
- brackets appear around the etymology
- full stops appear after `<pos>` , inflection information, and sense numbers
- senses are numbered in sequence unless otherwise specified using the global `n` attribute

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>pinna</orth>
        <pron>"pIn@</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp><pos>n</pos></gramGrp>
      <form type=infl>
        <number>pl</number>
        <form>
          <orth type=lat extent=part>-nae</orth>
          <pron extent=part>-ni:</pron>
        </form>
        <orth type=std extent=part>-nas</orth>
      </form>
      <sense n='1'>
        <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>
        <usg type=dom>Zoology</usg>
        <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='3'>
        <xr type=syn>
          <lbl>another name for</lbl>
          <ref>auricle (sense 2).</ref>
        </xr>
      </sense>
      <etym>
         <date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</lang> from
         <lang>Latin</lang>: <gloss>wing</gloss>, <gloss>feather</gloss>,
         <gloss>fin</gloss>
      </etym>
    </entry>

When rendition text is omitted, it is recommended that the means to regenerate it be fully documented, using the `<tagUsage>` element of the TEI header.

If rendition text is used systematically in a dictionary, with only a few mistakes or exceptions, the global attribute `rend` may be used on any tag to flag exceptions to the normal treatment. The values of the `rend` attribute are not prescribed, but it can be used with values such as `no-comma` , `no-left-paren` , etc. Specific values can be documented using the `<rendition>` element in the TEI header.

In the following (imaginary) example, no left parenthesis precedes the pronunciation: ``biryani or biriani %bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes ... [from Urdu]'' This irregularity can be recorded thus:

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>biryani</orth>
        <orth>biriani</orth>
        <pron rend=noleftparen>%bIrI"A:nI</pron>
      </form>
      <def>any of a variety of Indian dishes ... </def>
      <etym>from <lang>Urdu</lang></etym>
    </entry>

### 12.5.2 Lexical View

If the text to be interchanged retains only the lexical view of the text, there may be no concern for the recoverability of the editorial (not to speak of the typographic) view of the text. However, it is strongly recomended that the TEI header be used to document fully the nature of all alterations to the original data, such as normalization of domain names, expansion of inflected forms, etc.

In an encoding of the lexical view of a text, there are degrees of departure from the original data: normalizing inconsistent forms like ``nautical'', ``naut''., ``Naut.'', etc., to ``nautical'' is a relatively slight alteration; expansion of ``delay -ed -ing'' to ``delay, delayed, delaying'' is a more substantial departure. Still more severe is the rearranging of the order of information in entries --- for example,

- reorganizing the order of elements in an entry to show their relationship, as in ``clem (klEm) or clam vb. clems, clemming, clemmed or clams, clammimg, clammed [CED]'' where in a strictly lexical view one might wish to group ``clem'' and ``clam'' with their respective inflected forms.
- splitting an entry into two separate entries, as in ``celi.bacy /"selIb@sI/ n [U] state of living unmmarried, esp as a religious obligation. celi.bate /"selIb@t/ n [C] unmmarried person (esp a priest who has taken a vow not to marry). [OALD]'' For some purposes, this entry might usefully be split into an entry for ``celibacy'' and a separate entry for ``celibate''.

An encoding which captures the lexical view of the example given in the previous section might look something like the following. In this encoding,

- abbreviated forms have been silently expanded
- some forms have been moved to allow related forms to be grouped together
- the part of speech information has been moved to allow all forms to be given together
- the cross reference to ``auricle'' has been simplified

    <entry>
      <form>
        <orth>pinna</orth>
        <pron>"pIn@</pron>
        <form type=infl>
          <number>pl</number>
          <form>
            <orth type=lat>pinnae</orth>
            <pron>'pIni:</pron>
          </form>
          <orth type=std>pinnas</orth>
        </form>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <pos>n</pos>
      </gramGrp>
      <sense n='1'>
        <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='2'>
        <usg type=dom>Zoology</usg>
        <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.</def>
      </sense>
      <sense n='3'>
        <xr type=syn><ptr target=auricle.2></xr>
      </sense>
      <etym>
         <date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</> from
         <lang>Latin</>: <gloss>wing</>, <gloss>feather</>,
         <gloss>fin</>
      </etym>
    </entry>

### 12.5.3 Retaining Both Views

It is sometimes desirable to retain both the lexical and the editorial view, in which case a potential conflict exists between the two. When there is a conflict between the encodings for the lexical and editorial views, the principles described in the following sections may be applied.

#### 12.5.3.1 Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views

If the order of the data is the same in both views, then both views may be captured by encoding one `dominant' view in the character data content of the document, and encoding the other using attribute values on the appropriate elements. If all SGML tags were to be removed, the remaining characters would be those of the dominant view of the text.

The attribute class `dictionaries` is used to provide attributes for use in encoding multiple views of the same dictionary entry. These attributes are available for use on all elements defined in this chapter when the base tag set for dictionaries is selected.

When the editorial view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to capture the lexical view:

- `norm` gives a normalized form of information given by the source text in a non-normalized form
- `split` gives the list of split values for a merged form

When the lexical view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to record the editorial view:

- `orig` gives the original string or is the empty string when the element does not appear in the source text.
- `mergedin` gives a reference to another element, where the original appears as a merged form.

One attribute is useful in either view:

- `opt` indicates whether the element is optional or not

For example, if the source text had the domain label ``naut.'', it might be encoded as follows. With the editorial view dominant:

      <usg type=dom norm='nautical'>naut.</usg>

The lexical view of the same label would transcribe the normalized form as content of the `<usg>` element, the typographic form as an attribute value:

      <usg type=dom orig='naut.'>nautical</usg>

If the source text gives inflectional information for the verb `delay' as ``delay, -ed, -ing'', it might usefully be expanded to ``delayed, delayed, delaying''. An encoding of the editorial view might take this form:

    <form>
      <orth>delay</orth>
      <form type=infl>
        <orth norm='delayed' extent=part>-ed</orth>
        <tns norm='pst,pstp'></tns>
      </form>
      <form type=infl>
        <orth norm='delaying' extent=part>-ing</orth>
        <tns norm='prsp'></tns>
      </form>
    </form>

Note the use of the `<tns>` tag with null content, to enable the representation of implicit information even though it has no print realization.

The lexical view might be encoded thus:

    <form>
      <orth>delay</orth>
      <form type=infl>
        <orth orig='-ed'>delayed</orth>
        <tns orig=''>pst</tns>
        <tns orig=''>pstp</tns>
      </form>
      <form type=infl>
        <orth orig='-ing'>delaying</orth>
        <tns orig=''>prsp</tns>
      </form>
    </form>

A particular problem may be posed by the common practice of presenting two alternate forms of a word in a single string, by marking some parts of the word as optional in some forms. The following entry is for a word which can be spelled either ``thyrostimuline'' or ``thyr[eacute]ostimuline'': ``thyr([eacute])ostimuline [tiR(e)ostimylin] ...'' With the editorial view dominant, this entry might begin thus:

    <form>
      <orth split='thyrostimuline,
                   thyréostimuline'>
            thyr(é)ostimuline</orth>
      <pron split='tiRostimylin,
                   tiReostimylin'>
            tiR(e)ostimylin</pron>
    </form>

With the lexical view dominant, however, two `<orth>` and two `<pron>` elements would be encoded, in order to disentangle the two forms; the `orig` attribute would be used to record the typographic presentation of the information in the source.

    <form>
      <orth orig='thyr(é)ostimuline' id=o1>
            thyrostimuline</orth>
      <pron orig='tiR(e)ostimylin' id=p1>
            tiRostimylin</pron>
    </form>
    <form>
      <orth mergedin=o1>thyréostimuline</orth>
      <pron mergedin=p1>tiReostimylin</pron>
    </form>

This example might also be encoded using the `opt` attribute combined with the attributes `next` and `prev` defined in chapter 14 .

    <form>
      <orth next=o2 id=o1>thyr</orth>
      <orth prev=o1 next=o3 opt=y id=o2>é</orth>
      <orth prev=o2 id=o3>ostimuline</orth>

      <pron next=p2 id=p1>tiR</pron>
      <pron prev=p1 next=p3 opt=y id=p2>e</pron>
      <pron prev=p2 id=p3>ostimylin</pron>
    </form>

Note that this transcription preserves both the lexical and editorial views in a single encoding. However, it has the disadvantage that the strings corresponding to entire words do not appear in the encoding uninterrupted, and therefore complex processing is required to retrieve them from the encoded text. The use of the `opt` attribute is recomended, however, when long spans of text are involved, or when the optional part contains embedded tags.

For example, the following gives two definitions in one text: ``picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons'', and ``coloured chalk made into crayons'': ``pas.tel /"p&stl US: p&"stel/ n 1 (picture drawn with) coloured chalk made into crayons. 2... [OALD]''

A simple encoding solution would be to leave the definition text unanalysed, but this might be felt inadequate since it does not show that there are two definitions. A possible alternative encoding would be:

    <sense n='1'>
      <def>coloured chalk made into crayons</def>
      <def>picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons</def>
    </sense>

This transcribes some characters of the source text twice, however, which deviates from the usual practice. The following encoding records both the editorial and lexical views:

    <sense n='1'>
      <def id=d1 opt=y next=d2>picture drawn with</def>
      <def id=d2 prev=d1>coloured chalk made into crayons</def>
    </sense>

A more complex example is the following, in which the optional element contains additional tags: ``canary ...(Geog) Canary Isles, Canaries ([icirc ]les fpl) Canaries fpl... [C/R]''

    <re type=cmpd>
      <usg type=dom>Geog</usg>
      <form>
        <orth>Canary Isles</orth>
        <orth>Canaries</orth>
      </form>
      <trans id=t1 opt=y next=t2>
        <tr>îles</tr>
        <gen>f</gen>
        <number>pl</number>
      </trans>
      <trans id=t2 prev=t1>
        <tr>Canaries</tr>
        <gen>f</gen>
        <number>pl</number>
      </trans>
    </re>

#### 12.5.3.2 Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements

The attributes described in the previous section are useful only when the order of material is the same in both the editorial and the lexical view. When the two views impose different orders on the data, the SGML ID/IDREF mechanism may be used to show the original location of material transposed in an encoding of the lexical view.

If the original is only slightly modified, the `<anchor>` element may be used to mark the original location of the material, and the `location` attribute may be used on the lexical encoding of that material to indicate its original location(s). Like those in the preceding section, this attribute is defined for the attribute class `dictionaries` :

- `opt` indicates whether the element is optional or not

For example: `` pinna `("pIn@)` n., pl. -nae (-ni:) or -nas. [CED] ''

    <form>
      <orth>pinna</orth>
      <pron>'pIn@</pron>
      <anchor id=p1>
      <form type=infl>
        <number>pl</number>
        <form>
          <orth extent=part>-nae</orth>
          <pron extent=part>-ni:</pron>
        </form>
        <orth extent=part>-nas</orth>
      </form>
    </form>
    <gramGrp>
      <pos location=p1>n</pos>         <!-- moved -->
    </gramGrp>

### 12.5.4 Attributes for Dictionary Elements

The attributes provided for all dictionary-specific elements and documented in this section are defined thus:

    <!-- 12.5.4:  Attributes for dictionary work                  -->
    <!ENTITY % a.dictionaries '
              mergedin           IDREF               #IMPLIED
              expand             CDATA               #IMPLIED
              location           IDREF               #IMPLIED
              value              CDATA               #IMPLIED
              norm               CDATA               #IMPLIED
              orig               CDATA               #IMPLIED
              split              CDATA               #IMPLIED
              opt                (y | n)             n'             >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

## 12.6 Unstructured Entries

The content model for the `<entry>` element provides an entry structure suitable for many average dictionaries, as well as many regular entries in more exotic dictionaries. However, the structure of some dictionaries does not allow the restrictions imposed by the content model for `<entry>` . To handle these cases, the `<entryFree>` element is defined, which allows for much wider variation in entry structure. Its content model places no constraints at all upon the entry: any element defined in this chapter, as well as all the phrase-level and inter-level elements defined in the core tag set, can appear anywhere in an entry. With the `<entryFree>` element, the encoder is free to use any element anywhere, as well as to use or omit grouping elements such as `<form>` , `<gramGrp>` , etc.

The `<entryFree>` element allows the encoding of entries which violate the structure specified for the `<entry>` element. For example, in the following entry from a dictionary already in electronic form, it is necessary to include a `<pron>` element within a `<def>` . This is not permitted in the content model for `<entry>` , but it poses no problem in the `<entryFree>` element.

    <ent h=demigod><hwd>demi|god</hwd><pr><ph>"demIgQd</ph></pr>
    <hps ps=n>
    <hsn><def>one who is partly divine and partly human</def>
    <def>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman,
    eg<cf>Hercules</cf><pr><ph>"h3:kjUli:z</ph></pr></def>
    </hsn></hps></ent>

    [OALD electronic]

    <entryFree>
      <form>
        <orth>demigod</orth>
        <hyph>demi|god</hyph>
        <pron>"demIgQd</pron>
      </form>
      <gramGrp>
        <pos>n</pos>
      </gramGrp>
      <def>one who is partly divine and partly human</def>
      <def>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman,
           eg <mentioned>Hercules</><pron>"h3:kjUli:z</pron></def>
    </entryFree>

The `<entryFree>` element also makes it possible to transcribe a dictionary using only phrase-level (`atomic') elements---that is, using no grouping elements at all. This can be desirable if the encoder wants a completely `flat' view, with no indication of or commitment to the association of one element with another. The following encoding uses no grouping elements, and keeps all rendition text: `` biryani or biriani `(%bIrI"A:nI)` any of a variety of Indian dishes...[from Urdu] [CED] ''

    <entryFree>
      <orth>biryani</orth> or
      <orth>biriani</orth>
      <pron>(%bIrI"A:nI)</pron>
      <def>any of a variety of Indian dishes...</def>
      <etym>[from <lang>Urdu</lang>]</etym>
    </entryFree>

The declaration of `<entryFree>` is given above in section 12.2 . It allows any elements defined for use within dictionary entries to appear within it, in any order.

    <!-- 12.6:  Model class for unstructured dictionary entries   -->
    <!-- This entity declares the class of elements defined       -->
    <!-- specifically for use in dictionary entries, except       -->
    <!-- those which are included in the phrase class. This       -->
    <!-- class is used in defining the 'free' dictionary entry.   -->

    <!ENTITY % x.dictionaryParts ''                                 >
    <!ENTITY % m.dictionaryParts '%x.dictionaryParts case | colloc
               | def | eg | etym | form | gen | gramGrp | hom |
               hyph | itype | lbl | mood | number | orth | per |
               pos | pron | re | sense | stress | subc | superentry
               | syll | tns | tr | trans | usg | xr'                >
    <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 12.1                       -->

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